Microbial Communities and their Interactions in the Extreme Environment (Microorganisms for Sustainability, 32)

✍ Scribed by Dilfuza Egamberdieva (editor), Nils-Kare Birkeland (editor), Wen-Jun Li (editor), Hovik Panosyan (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 348
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This second edition of the book entitled “Microbial Communities and Interactions in extreme environments” focus on thermophilic and halophilic extremophiles from various ecosystems, their biodiversity, interactions with other organisms and functions within their hostile environment. Biotechnology of extremophiles and their potential agricultural and industrial applications is the focus of this edition. However, extremophiles may cope with their challenging environments. Information on biodiversity of extremophiles and their interactions with the surrounding biomes helps in understanding their ecology and functions within their respective extreme environments. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, microbiologists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, microbiology and environmental sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
About the Series Editor
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Extremophiles in Saline Environment: Potential for Sustainable Agriculture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbial Diversity Under Saline and Drought Conditions
1.3 Plant Growth Promotion and Stress Tolerance
1.4 Mechanisms of Plant Growth Stimulation
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Insights into the Microbial Diversity in Saline-Alkaline Soils of China
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Characteristics and Distribution of Saline Soils in China
2.2.1 Distribution of Saline-Alkali Soil in Northwest China
2.2.2 Distribution of Saline-Alkali Soil in Northeast China
2.3 Culture-Independent Microbial Diversity and Its Related Influencing Factors in Saline Soils
2.3.1 Bacterial Diversity in Saline-Alkali Soil of Northeast China
2.3.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Saline-Alkali Soil of Northeast China
2.3.3 Archaeal Diversity in Saline-Alkali Soil of Northwest China
2.4 Culture-Dependent Haloalkaliphilic Resources from Saline Soils
2.4.1 Haloalkaliphilic Microorganisms in Northwest Saline-Alkali Soil
2.4.2 Haloalkaliphilic Microorganisms in Northeast Saline-Alkali Soil
2.5 Halophiles and Alkaliphiles in Biotechnology
2.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Microbial Diversity of High-Altitude Geothermal Springs in Tajikistan
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geothermal Springs in Tajikistan and their Geochemical Profiling
3.3 Bacterial Diversity of Geothermal Springs in Tajikistan Based on Cultivation-Dependent and Molecular Studies
3.4 Biotechnological Potential of Thermophilic Isolates Obtained from Tajik Geothermal Springs
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Study of Bacterial Diversity from Saline Environments (Salt Mines) of Pakistan and their Applications at Regional L...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phylogenetic Analysis of Halophiles
4.3 Strategies of Halophiles for Adaptation to High Salt Environments
4.4 Geographical Distribution of Salt Mines in Pakistan
4.5 Bacterial Diversity of Halophilic Environments in Pakistan by Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods
4.5.1 Methodology
4.6 Study of Bacterial Diversity by Culture-Dependent Method from Pakistan Salt Mines
4.6.1 Karak/Bahadur Khel Salt Mines
4.7 Validly Published Novel Bacterial Species Isolated from Karak Salt Mines, Pakistan
4.7.1 Bacillus pakistanensis sp. nov and Kushneria pakistanensis sp. nov
4.7.2 Khewra Salt Mines
4.8 Study of Bacterial Diversity by Culture-Independent Method from Pakistan Salt Mines
4.8.1 Karak/Bahadur Khel Salt Mines (16S rRNA Illumina Amplicon Sequencing)
4.8.2 Khewra Salt Mines (High-Throughput Sequencing of the 16S rRNA Gene)
4.9 Potential Applications of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Saline Habitats of Pakistan
4.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Taxonomic Characteristics of Dominant Microbial Communities in Hot Spring Sediments in Western Georgia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Zugdidi-Tsaishi Geothermal Field
5.3 Physicochemical Parameters of Geothermal Waters in the Zugdidi-Tsaishi Region
5.4 Taxonomic Profiles of the Thermal Spring Sediments
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Analysis and Characteristics of Thermal Springs in Kazakhstan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geographical Distribution and Formation of Geothermal Springs in the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan
6.2.1 Mangyshlak-Ustyurt System of Thermal Springs
6.2.2 Syrdarya Artesian System of Thermal Springs
6.2.3 Ili Artesian System of Thermal Springs
6.3 Microbiological Analysis
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria: A Brief Research Overview on Distribution in Armenia and Biotechnological Applicati...
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ecology and Biodiversity of Photosynthetic Bacteria of Different Geographical Zones of Armenia
7.2.1 Photosynthetic Bacteria of Mineral Springs of Armenia
7.2.2 Photosynthetic Bacteria of Natural Water Sources of Armenia
7.2.3 Photosynthetic Bacteria of the Soda Saline Soils of the Ararat Valley
7.2.4 Taxonomy of Domestic Strains of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria
7.3 The Importance of Photosynthetic Bacteria in Biotechnology
7.3.1 Enzymatic Activity of Photosynthetic Bacteria
7.3.1.1 Aspartase Activity
7.3.1.2 Aminoacylase Activity
7.3.1.3 Asparaginase Activity
7.3.2 Synthesis of Carotenoid Pigments by Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria
7.3.3 Synthesis of Vitamins
7.3.4 Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic Acid
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: The Genus Thermus: A Brief History of Cosmopolitan Extreme Thermophiles: Diversity, Distribution, Biotechnological ...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Taxonomy and Phylogeny
8.3 Morphology, Physiology, Metabolism, and Biochemical Characteristics
8.4 Ecology and Distribution
8.5 Genome Structure and Natural Competence
8.6 Biotechnological Potential and Applications of Thermus
8.6.1 Thermus as Source of Extremozymes
8.6.1.1 Lipolytic Enzymes
8.6.1.2 Proteases
8.6.1.3 Pullulanases, Xylanases, and Other Polymer Degrading Thermozymes
8.6.1.4 Nucleic Acid Manipulation Tools
8.6.1.5 Other Extreomyzemes with Biotechnological and Industrial Relevance
8.6.2 Host-Vector Systems and Cell Factories
8.6.3 Thermus as Metal-Converters and Possible Applications in Bioremediation
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Thermoacidophiles for Bioleaching of Copper
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioleaching of Sulfide Minerals
9.2.1 Mechanisms of Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals
9.2.2 Microorganisms Involved in the Leaching of Sulfide Minerals in Technological Processes
9.2.3 Factors Affecting the Intensity of Leaching of Sulfide Minerals in Technological Processes
9.2.3.1 Influence of the Composition of Microbial Consortia
9.2.4 Bioleaching of Chalcopyrite
9.2.4.1 Effect of Growth Conditions
9.2.4.2 Effect of Concentration of Substrate
9.2.4.3 Effect of pH
9.2.4.4 Effect of Pulp Density
9.2.4.5 Effect of Particle Size
9.2.4.6 Effect of Oxidative-Reductive Potential
9.2.4.7 Influence of Ferric Iron (Fe3+)
9.2.4.8 Tolerance of Microorganisms to Copper Ion
9.2.4.9 Oxidation of CuFeS2 by Mixed Cultures
9.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Extreme Thermophilic Microorganisms as an Unique Source of Inspiration for Next Generation Biotechnological Produc...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Thermophilic Environments and Their Microbial Biodiversity
10.3 Thermophilic Microorganisms as a Unique Source of Inspiration for Next Generation Biotechnological Products
10.3.1 Enzymes
10.3.1.1 Proteases
10.3.1.2 Amylases
10.3.1.3 Lipases
10.3.2 Antimicrobial Agents
10.3.3 Biorefining
10.3.4 Biofuel
10.3.5 Biomining
10.3.6 Biosurfactant Production
10.3.7 Waste Treatment
References
Chapter 11: Biodiversity, Ecological, and Commercial Importance of Psychrophilic Microorganisms
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cold Habitats
11.2.1 Atmosphere and Clouds
11.2.2 Snow
11.2.3 Cryoconite Holes
11.2.4 Glaciers
11.2.5 Permafrost
11.2.6 Deep Oceans
11.3 Adaptation in Psychrophiles
11.3.1 Cellular Mechanism of Cold Adaptation
11.3.2 Protein Adaptation to Cold
11.3.3 Enzyme Mechanism in Cold Adaptation
11.3.4 Other Factors Affecting Enzyme Adaptation
11.3.5 Cold-Adapted Enzymes and Climate Change
11.3.6 Ice Binding Proteins
11.3.6.1 Antifreeze Proteins (AFP)
11.3.6.2 Ice Nucleation Proteins (INP)
11.4 Biotechnological Applications
11.4.1 Applications in Agriculture
References
Chapter 12: Microbial Stress Response to Heavy Metals
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Environmental Features of Heavy Metals
12.1.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants
12.1.3 Mechanisms of Protection of Microorganisms from Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals
12.2 Methods
12.2.1 Determination of the Resistance of Micromycetes to Heavy Metals
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Screening of Micromycetes Resistant to High Concentrations of Heavy Metals
12.3.2 Changes in the Content of Mobile Zinc in Soil Inoculated with Micromycetes
12.3.3 Study of the Effect of Micromycetes on Plant Resistance to Heavy Metals
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Heavy Metal Resistance in Prokaryotes: Mechanism and Application
13.1 Heavy Metals and Its Toxicity on Microbes
13.2 Microbial Heavy Metal Transporters
13.3 Heavy Metal Resistance in Prokaryotes
13.3.1 Active Transport of Heavy Metals
13.3.2 CBA Family Transporters
13.3.3 CDF Family Transporters
13.3.4 P-Type ATPase Family Transporters
13.3.5 Limitation of Metal Intake Due to Changes in Cell Permeability
13.3.6 Intracellular Binding of Toxic Metals and Their Detoxification
13.3.7 Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions and Enzymatic Detoxification
13.4 Application and Prospects of Heavy Metal Resistant Microbes
References
Chapter 14: Bioremediation Potential of Soil Bacteria of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments of Kyrgyzstan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Kyrgyz Republic
14.3 Uranium Tailings in Kyrgyzstan
14.3.1 Tailings Ponds and Dumps in the Ak-Tyuz Settlement
14.3.2 Tailings Dump with Uranium Waste in the Technogenic Province of Kazhi-Sai (42 08′24′′ N; 77 10′50′′ E). Height (m): 1750
14.3.3 Tailings Dumps in the Area of the Min-Kush Settlement
14.3.4 The Uranium Burial Site in Kara-Balta Is One of the Five Largest and Is One of the Most Potentially Dangerous Objects i...
14.3.5 Objects of Uranium Heritage in the Area of Mailuu-Suu
14.4 Characterization and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals
14.5 Basic Approaches and the Role of Bioremediation in the Restoration of Contaminated Soils
14.6 Efficiency of Using Aboriginal Soil Microorganisms for Bioremediation of Contaminated Ecosystems in Kyrgyzstan
14.6.1 Selection of Resistant Strains of Microorganisms with the Aim of Using Them for Bioremediation of the Environment from ...
14.6.1.1 Characterization of the Accumulative Activity of the Association of Bacterial Strains (H-5-8 Bacillus megaterium + H-...
14.6.1.2 Characterization of the Destructive Abilities of the Association of Bacterial Strains (H-5-8 Bacillus megaterium + H-...
14.6.2 Biological Activity of Strains H-5-2 of Bacillus cereus Resistant to Heavy Metals
14.7 Conclusion
References