Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment: Volume 1 (Microorganisms for Sustainability, 25)

✍ Scribed by Deepak G. Panpatte (editor), Yogeshvari K. Jhala (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 407
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Pollution is one of the most serious issues facing mankind and other life forms on earth. Environmental pollution leads to the degradation of ecosystems, loss of services, economic losses, and various other problems. The eco-friendliest approach to rejuvenating polluted ecosystems is with the help of microorganism-based bioremediation. Microorganisms are characterized by great biodiversity, genetic and metabolic machinery, and by their ability to survive, even in extremely polluted environments. As such, they are and will remain the most important tools for restoring polluted ecosystems / habitats. This three-volume book sheds light on the utilization of microorganisms and the latest technologies for cleaning up polluted sites. It also discusses the remediation or degradation of various important pollutants such as pesticides, wastewater, plastics, PAHs, oil spills etc. The book also explains the latest technologies used for the degradation of pollutants in several niche ecosystems. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, bioremediation scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. It also offers valuable additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of microbiology, ecology, soil science, and the environmental sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Series Editor
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Rhizosphere: Niche for Microbial Rejuvenation and Biodegradation of Pollutants
1.1 Rhizosphere
1.2 Niche for Rejuvenation of Soil Microorganisms
1.3 Shaping the Rhizospheric Microbiome
1.4 Plant Physiological Effects on Rhizosphere Enzyme Activity
1.5 Role of Enzymes and Plant Growth Regulators
1.6 Common Source of Pollutants in Soil
1.7 Biological Degradation of Pollutants
1.7.1 Principles of Bioremediation
1.8 Microorganisms and Pollutants
1.8.1 Degradation of Pesticides by Rhizospheric Microbes
1.8.2 Dyes
1.8.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1.8.4 Microbial Detoxification of Heavy Metals
1.8.5 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals
1.9 Mycoremediation
1.10 Cyanoremediation
1.11 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
1.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment Sustainability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Categorization of Pesticides
2.3 Pesticides and Their Toxic Effects
2.3.1 Impact of Pesticides on Environment
2.3.2 Impact on Soil and Water
2.3.3 Impact of Pesticides on Human Beings
2.3.4 Effect of Pesticides on Natural Biodiversity
2.3.5 Effect of Insecticides on Plant Growth Promoting Attributes
2.4 Microorganisms Involved in Degradation of Pesticides
2.4.1 Pesticide Degradation by Bacteria
2.4.2 Algae and Cyanobacterial Degradation
2.4.3 Degradation by Fungi
2.5 Factors Affecting Microbial Degradation of Pesticides
2.5.1 Effect of Microbial Species, Metabolic Activity, and Adaptability
2.5.2 Effect of Pesticide Structure
2.5.3 Soil Organic Matter
2.5.4 Environmental Factors
2.6 Removal of Pesticides Through Phytoremediation
2.7 Integrated Remediation Technologies
2.7.1 Surfactant-Enhanced Bioremediation
2.7.2 Enhanced Phytodegradation by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
2.8 Mechanisms and Enzymes Involved in Pesticide Degradation
2.8.1 Oxidoreductases
2.8.2 Hydrolases
2.8.3 Lyases
2.8.4 Synthetic Reactions and the Formation of Immobilized Residues
2.9 Genetic Engineering of Microbes to Enhance Degradation of Pesticides
2.9.1 Adaption and Development of New Degradation Capabilities
2.9.2 Mobilization of Genes to Enhance Catabolic Steps in Pesticide Degradation Pathway
2.9.3 Modification of Substrate Specificity by Manipulations of Enzymes
2.9.4 Rapid Evolution Through Duplicated Genes
2.9.5 Development of Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Pesticide Degradation
2.10 Future Perspectives
2.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Microbial Indicators of Bioremediation: Potential and Success
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bioremediation: A Better Approach
3.3 Criteria for the Selection of Bioremediation Techniques
3.4 Types of Bioremediation
3.4.1 Biostimulation
3.4.2 Bioaugmentation
3.4.3 Phytoremediation
3.5 Parameters Affecting Bioremediation
3.5.1 Energy Sources
3.5.2 Bioavailability
3.5.3 Bioactivity and Biochemistry
3.5.4 Nontechnical Criteria
3.5.5 Nonscientific Factors
3.5.5.1 Regulatory Factors
3.5.5.2 Research and Technical Factors
3.5.5.3 Human Resource Factor
3.5.5.4 Economic and Liability Factor
3.6 Microbial Populations for Bioremediation Processes
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Phycoremediation: A Sustainable Biorefinery Approach
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Improper Wastewater Disposal and Its Consequences
4.3 Wastewater Treatment
4.4 Phycoremediation
4.5 High-Added-Value Molecules
4.5.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
4.5.2 Fatty Acids
4.5.3 Phenolic Compounds
4.5.4 Sterols
4.5.5 Proteins, Amino Acids, and Peptides
4.5.6 Vitamins
4.5.7 Pigments
4.5.8 Polysaccharides
4.6 Drying and Disruption Techniques
4.7 Application of Microalgae Biomass
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Cyanobacteria-Mediated Bioremediation of Problem Soils
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Why Cyanobacteria?
5.3 Agrochemicals
5.3.1 Pesticides
5.3.2 Chemical Fertilizers
5.4 Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil
5.5 Reclamation of Alkaline and Saline Soil
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: VAM: An Alternate Strategy for Bioremediation of Polluted Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Effect of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Plants
6.1.2 Effect of Various Heavy Metals on Fungi
6.1.3 Effect of Heavy Metal on Invertebrates
6.2 Remediation Techniques
6.3 Types of Remediation Technology
6.3.1 On the Basis of Site
6.3.2 On the Basis of Separation Method
6.3.2.1 Physical Method
6.3.2.2 Chemical Method
6.3.2.3 Biological Method
6.4 Importance of Biological Method
6.5 Role of Fungi in Bioremediation
6.6 What Is VAM Fungi?
6.7 Role of VAM Fungi in Bioremediation
6.7.1 Process of Detoxification
6.8 Factors Responsible for Remediation
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Strategies to Improve Remediation Technology Using Fungi
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fungal Components
7.2.1 Enzymes
7.2.1.1 Lignin Degrading Enzymes
7.2.1.2 Laccase
7.2.1.3 Peroxidases
7.2.1.4 Cellulose Degrading Enzymes
7.2.1.5 Hemicellulose Degrading Enzymes
7.2.2 Exopolysaccharides
7.2.3 Organic Acids
7.2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
7.2.5 Other Molecules
7.3 Remediation of Hazardous Toxicants
7.4 Strategies to Improve Bioremediation Technology
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Bioremediation of Polluted Soil by Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Soil Pollution
8.3 Impact of Soil Pollution
8.4 Bioremediation
8.5 Techniques of Bioremediation Treatment
8.5.1 Bioaugmentation
8.5.2 Biomineralization/Biocrystallization
8.5.3 Biostimulation
8.5.4 Bioattenuation
8.5.5 Bioventing
8.5.6 Biofilters
8.5.7 Bioreactors
8.5.8 Composting
8.5.9 Land Farming
8.6 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
8.7 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Bioremediation of Polluted Soil
8.8 New Emerging Technologies of Bioremediation
8.8.1 Metagenomics
8.8.2 Metabolic Engineering
8.8.3 Protein/Enzyme Engineering
8.9 Factor Affecting the Bioremediation
8.9.1 Aerobic
8.9.2 Anaerobic
8.10 Advantages of Bioremediation
8.11 Limitations
8.12 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9: Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Environment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of Microbial Biofilm for Biotransformation of Contaminants
9.3 Application of Microbial Biofilm for Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Environment
9.4 Modes of Action Involved in the Application of Biofilms Derived from Microorganisms for the Remediation of Contaminated Si...
9.5 Different Types of Biofilm Bioreactors
9.6 Conclusion and Further Recommendation for Further Study
References
Chapter 10: Microbes: A Novel Source of Bioremediation for Degradation of Hydrocarbons
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mechanism of Oil Degradation by Microorganism
10.2.1 Degradation of Oil and Hydrocarbon by Bacteria
10.2.2 Biodegradation of Oil and Petroleum by Fungi
10.2.3 Biodegradation of Oil and Petroleum by Algae
10.2.4 Biodegradation of Oil and Hydrocarbons by Actinomycetes
10.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Microbial Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Chemical Components of Crude Oil
11.3 Petroleum Hydrocarbons as an Environmental Pollutant: Biological Effects of Contamination
11.4 Microbial Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
11.5 Uptake of Hydrocarbons by Microbes
11.5.1 Chemotaxis
11.5.1.1 Bioavailability
11.5.2 Biosurfactant Production by Microbes
11.5.3 Transmembrane Transport
11.6 Metabolic Pathways and Molecular Basis of Hydrocarbon Degradation
11.7 Strategies for Bioremediation
11.7.1 Use of Microbial Consortia
11.7.2 Immobilization of Microbes
11.7.3 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
11.7.4 Use of Dispersants/Surfactants
11.8 External Factors Affecting Biodegradation
11.8.1 Temperature
11.8.2 Nutrients
11.8.3 pH
11.8.4 Oxygen
11.8.5 Salinity
11.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Potential of Extremophiles for Bioremediation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Extremophilic Microorganisms and Their Diversity
12.3 Extremophiles in Extreme Environments
12.4 Bioremediation: A Dynamic Process to Remediate Polluted Sites
12.5 Potential of Extremophiles for Bioremediation
12.5.1 Bioremediation of Petroleum Products
12.5.2 Bioremediation of Chemical Pesticides
12.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
12.5.4 Bioremediation of Radionuclides
12.5.5 Bioremediation of Wastewater Treatment
12.6 Further Research for Potential Extremophilic Microorganisms and Their Scale-Up
12.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 13: Role of Microbes in Bioremediation of Radioactive Waste
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Sources of Radioactive Wastes
13.1.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle
13.1.3 Radioactive Wastes from Medicine
13.1.4 Radioactive Wastes from Research Institutes
13.1.5 Radioactive Wastes from Industry
13.1.6 Radioactive Wastes from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
13.1.7 Radioactive Wastes or Radioactivity Due to Accidents
13.1.8 Radioactive Waste or Radioactivity Due to Military Use
13.1.9 Impact of Radioactivity on Environment
13.2 Microbes-Assisted Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.2.1 Bacterial Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.2.1.1 Biotransformation via Bioreduction
13.2.1.2 Biomineralization
13.2.1.3 Biosorption
13.2.1.4 Bioaccumulation
13.2.2 Fungi: Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.2.3 Algae: Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.2.4 Genetic Engineering: Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.3 Factors Affecting Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
13.3.1 Physicochemical Factors or Abiotic Factors
13.3.2 Biological Factors or Biotic Factors
13.3.3 Climatic Factors
13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 14: Plastic-Eating Microorganisms: Recent Biotechnological Techniques for Recycling of Plastic
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microorganisms in Environmental Bioremediation
14.3 Specific Examples of Microorganisms that Could Degrade Plastic
14.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 15: Bioaugmentation: A Powerful Biotechnological Techniques for Sustainable Ecorestoration of Soil and Groundwater Con...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Techniques Used for Bioaugmentation of Soil and Water with Specific Examples
15.2.1 Specific Gene Involved in Bioaugmentation
15.3 Microbial Derived Materials that Could Enhance the Process of Bioaugmentation
15.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
References