Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment: Volume 2 (Microorganisms for Sustainability, 26)

✍ Scribed by Deepak G. Panpatte (editor), Yogeshvari K. Jhala (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 411
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Pollution is one of the most serious issues facing mankind and other life forms on earth. Environmental pollution leads to the degradation of ecosystems, loss of services, economic losses, and various other problems. The eco-friendliest approach to rejuvenating polluted ecosystems is with the help of microorganism-based bioremediation. Microorganisms are characterized by great biodiversity, genetic and metabolic machinery, and by their ability to survive, even in extremely polluted environments. As such, they are and will remain the most important tools for restoring polluted ecosystems / habitats. This three-volume book sheds light on the utilization of microorganisms and the latest technologies for cleaning up polluted sites. It also discusses the remediation or degradation of various important pollutants such as pesticides, wastewater, plastics, PAHs, oil spills etc. The book also explains the latest technologies used for the degradation of pollutants in several niche ecosystems. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, bioremediation scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. It also offers valuable additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of microbiology, ecology, soil science, and the environmental sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Series Editor
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Bioremediation of Industrial Pollutants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ecosystem and Acquisitive Pollution
1.3 Apprehensions of Bioremediation
1.4 Microbial Communities and Toxic Waste
1.5 Assets of Toxin and Human Health
1.6 Role of Microbes
1.7 Microbial Solution
1.8 Registered Microbial Remediation
1.9 Bioremediation as Economical Substitute
1.10 Microbes as Pollutant Annihilation
1.11 In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation
1.12 Pertinent Tactics
1.13 Natural Biodegradation Processes
1.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Bioremediation of Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
2.2.1 Alkali Metals
2.2.2 Alkaline Earth Metals
2.2.3 Transition Metals
2.2.4 Post-Transition Metals
2.2.5 Metalloids or Semi-Metals
2.2.6 Nonmetals
2.3 Heavy Metals and Pollution
2.4 Metal Sources
2.4.1 Natural Sources
2.4.2 Anthropogenic Sources
2.5 Heavy Metal Toxicity
2.6 Bioremediation
2.6.1 Bacteria
2.6.2 Fungi
2.7 Bioremediation of Some Heavy Metals
2.8 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
Chapter 3: Fungal-Mediated Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heavy Metals
3.3 Microbes Involved in Bioremediation
3.3.1 Advantages of Biological Methods Over Conventional Methods
3.3.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Different Interaction Between Fungi and Metals
3.3.2.1 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
3.3.2.2 Parameters that Affect the Biosorption
3.3.2.3 Bioleaching
3.3.2.4 Bio-immobilization
3.3.2.5 Biomineralization
3.3.2.6 Endophytic Fungi-Assisted Bioremediation
3.3.3 Mycorrhizal-Based Bioremediation
3.3.4 Fungal Nanoparticle-Mediated Heavy Metal Remediation
3.4 Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of Quantum Dots that Sense Heavy Metal
3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 4: Biological Decolorization and Degradation of Synthetic Dyes: A Green Step Toward Sustainable Environment
4.1 Dye and Its Eco-Toxicological Impact
4.2 Treatment of the Dye-Containing Environment
4.3 Removal of Dyes by Bacteria
4.4 Removal of Dyes by Filamentous Fungi
4.5 Removal of Dyes by Yeast
4.6 Removal of Dyes by Algae
4.7 Removal of Dyes by Actinomycetes
4.8 Removal of Dyes by Plants (Phytoremediation)
4.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Bioremediation of Waste Gases and Polluted Soils
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Need of Bioremediation
5.3 Bioremediation of ``Composting´´ Soils
5.4 Enzymes Used in Bioremediation
5.5 Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
5.6 Bioremediation of Agricultural Waste
5.7 Types of Bioremediation
5.7.1 In Situ Bioremediation
5.7.1.1 Bioaugmentation
5.7.1.2 Bioattenuation
5.7.1.3 Bioventing and Bio-Sparging
5.7.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation
5.7.2.1 Bio-Pile
5.7.2.2 Composting
5.7.2.3 Land Farming
5.7.2.4 Bioreactor
5.8 Phytoremediation
5.8.1 Rhizodegradation
5.8.2 Phytoextraction
5.8.3 Rhizofiltration
5.8.4 Phytodegradation
5.8.5 Phytovolatilization
5.8.6 Phytostabilization
5.8.7 Bioremediation of Industrial Pollution by Plants
5.9 Remediation of Particulate Matters
5.10 Remediation of VOCs
5.11 Remediation of Other Harmful Gases
5.12 Microbial Remediation of Air Pollution and Soil
5.13 Role of Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Industrial Air Pollution
5.13.1 Role of Nanotechnology in the Remediation of Toxic Gases Released from Industries
5.13.1.1 Nano-Adsorptive Materials
5.13.1.2 Nanocatalyst Materials
5.13.1.3 Nanofilters
5.14 Heavy Metals (HMs) in the Environment
5.14.1 Heavy Metals: Essential and Non-essential
5.15 Sources of Industrial Wastes in the Environment
5.15.1 Human Exposure to Industrial Wastes and Heavy Metals
5.15.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals in the Human Food Chains
5.15.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
5.15.4 Effects of Toxic Heavy Metals on Human Health
5.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: E-Waste and Its Hazard Management by Specific Microbial Bioremediation Processes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Composition of E-Waste
6.3 Hazards of E-Waste
6.3.1 Effect on Environment
6.3.2 Effects on Plants
6.3.3 Effects on Human
6.4 Method of Treating E-Waste
6.4.1 Physical Methods
6.4.1.1 Mechanical Recycling
6.4.1.2 Air Classification
6.4.1.3 Magnetic Separation
6.4.1.4 Electrostatic Separation
6.4.2 Chemical Methods
6.4.2.1 Pyrolysis
6.4.2.2 Hydrometallurgy
6.4.3 Bioremediation
6.4.3.1 Biosorption
6.4.3.2 Bio-leaching
6.4.3.3 Bioaccumulation
6.5 Other Mechanism
6.5.1 Bio-stimulation
6.5.2 Biotransformation
6.5.3 Bio-attenuation and Bio-augmentation
6.5.4 Bioventing
6.6 Genetically Modified Microbes
6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation
6.8 Barriers in Commercial Use of Bioremediation
6.8.1 Research Barriers
6.8.2 Technology Barriers
6.8.3 Legislative Barriers
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Current Methods of Enhancing Bacterial Bioremediation of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Farmlands
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Xenobiotic Pesticides and Environmental Pollution
7.3 Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Xenobiotic Pesticides to the Environment and Health
7.4 Microorganisms Involved in the Biodegradation of Pesticides
7.5 Bacterial Tolerance and Growth in Pesticide Consortia
7.6 Mechanisms of Biodegradation of Xenobiotic Pesticides
7.6.1 Enzymatic Activities in Pesticide Biodegradation
7.6.1.1 Hydrolases
7.6.1.2 Phosphotriesterases (PTEs)
7.6.1.3 Esterases
7.6.1.4 Oxidoreductases
7.6.1.5 Mixed Function Oxidases (MFO)
7.6.1.6 Glutathione S-Transferases (GST)
7.7 Genetics and Genomics of Pesticide Bioremediation
7.7.1 Metagenomics and Functional Genomics in Bioremediation
7.8 Current Strategies Used to Accelerate Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Pesticides
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Mechanism of Actions Involved in Sustainable Ecorestoration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Polluted Soil by the Benefici...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Application of Beneficial Microorganism for the Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Environment with Petroleum Hydrocarbon
8.3 Specific Examples of Microorganisms Used for Bioremediation of Polluted Soil with Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Their Modes of A...
8.4 Oil Degradation Taking Microbial Help and Bioremediation
8.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 9: Biosorption: An Eco-Friendly Technology for Pollutant Removal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biosorption
9.3 Biosorbent
9.3.1 Living Biosorbent
9.3.1.1 Bacteria
9.3.1.2 Fungi
9.3.1.3 Algae
9.3.1.4 Genetically Modified Organisms as Biosorbent
9.3.2 Non-living Biosorbent
9.3.2.1 Agricultural Waste
9.3.2.2 Biopolymers
9.3.2.3 Peat Moss
9.4 Biosorption Technique and Mechanism
9.4.1 Ion Exchange
9.4.2 Coordination or Complexation
9.4.3 Physical Adsorption
9.4.4 Precipitation
9.4.5 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
9.5 Kinetics of Biosorption
9.5.1 Freundlich Model
9.5.2 Langmuir Model
9.6 Application of Biosorption
9.6.1 Biosorption of Cations/Anions
9.6.2 Biosorption of Dye
9.6.3 Biosorption of PAH (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon)
9.7 Factors Affecting Biosorption Process
9.7.1 Solution pH
9.7.2 Temperature
9.7.3 Contact Time
9.7.4 Agitation Speed
9.7.5 Initial Concentration of Sorbate Molecule
9.7.6 Biomass Concentration
9.8 Desorption and Recovery
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Microbial Co-culture on Bioremediation of Polluted Environments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Co-culture Classifications
10.2.1 Bacterial Consortium
10.2.2 Fungal Consortium
10.2.3 Fungal-Bacterial Consortium
10.2.4 Yeast-Bacterial Consortium
10.2.5 Microalgae-Bacterial Consortium
10.2.6 Other Microbial Consortia
10.3 Application of Microbial Consortium in Bioremediation
10.3.1 Organic Pollutants
10.3.1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
10.3.1.2 Pesticides
10.3.1.3 Dyes
10.3.2 Inorganic Pollutants
10.3.2.1 Heavy Metals
10.4 Factors Affecting Consortium Performance
10.4.1 Environmental Factors
10.4.1.1 pH
10.4.1.2 Temperature
10.4.1.3 Moisture
10.4.1.4 Initial Pollutant Concentration
10.4.2 Microbial Interactions
10.4.2.1 Synergistic Effect
10.4.2.2 Antagonistic Effect
10.4.3 Same/Different Strains in Culture Populations
10.4.4 Free/Immobilized Microbial Consortium
10.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 11: Enzyme-Oriented Strategies to Mitigate Polluting Agents from Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bioremediation: A Sustainable Tool for Environmental Cleanup
11.3 Enzyme-Assisted Degradation: A Green Biocatalytic Process for Environmental Cleanup
11.3.1 Laccase: A Choice Candidate for Environmental Cleanup
11.3.1.1 Dye Degradation by Laccases
11.4 Emerging Contaminants
11.4.1 Pharmaceutical Products and Xenobiotics
11.4.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Degradation by Laccase
11.5 Peroxidases: An Ecofriendly Strategy for Environmental Cleanup
11.6 Screening of Enzyme-Catalyzed Degradation Intermediates and By-Products
11.7 Enzyme Immobilization: Expanding the Scope for Environmental Cleanup
11.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
References
Chapter 12: Nonaqueous Catalysis: A Way Forward for the Intermediation of Phenolic Environmental Pollutant Bisphenol A
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nonaqueous Catalysis
12.2.1 Enzyme Suspended in Organic Solvent
12.2.2 Enzymes in Biphasic System
12.2.3 Enzymes in Supercritical Fluids
12.2.4 Reverse Micelles as Potential Nonaqueous Catalytic System
12.2.4.1 Factors Affecting Activity of Enzyme Entrapped in Reverse Micelles
Geometric Factor
Hydration Ratio
Solvent
12.3 Enzyme Immobilization Using Various Gels
12.3.1 Organogel
12.3.2 Microemulsion-Based Organogel Preparation
12.3.3 Preparation of Organogels
12.3.4 Enzyme Immobilized in Various Microemulsion-Based Organogel (MBG)
12.3.5 Case Study: Gelatin-Stabilized Microemulsion-Based Organogels
12.4 Methods for Intermediation of Environmental Pollutant BPA
12.5 BPA Bioremediation by Different Systems Using Laccase
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Nanoparticle-Mediated Adsorption of Pollutants: A Way Forward to Mitigation of Environmental Pollution
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanoparticles and the Environment
13.2.1 Oxide Nanoparticles
13.2.1.1 Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs)
13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
13.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxide, Metal and Carbon Nanomaterials
13.3.1 Mechanism Used by Bacteria
13.4 Remediation Mechanisms of Nanoparticles
13.4.1 Physical Mechanism
13.4.1.1 Photo-Fenton Reaction
13.4.2 Chemical Mechanism
13.4.2.1 Complexation
13.4.2.2 Oxidation-Reduction and Acid-Base Properties
13.4.2.3 Immobilization of Contaminants
13.5 Biological Mechanisms Involved in Adsorption/Absorption of Nanoparticles
13.6 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Living Cell Membrane
13.6.1 Phagocytosis
13.6.2 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis (CME)
13.6.3 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis (CDE)
13.6.4 Clathrin/Caveolae-Independent Endocytosis
13.6.5 Macropinocytosis
13.7 Microenvironment-Driven Cellular Entry of Nanoparticles
13.7.1 Organic Contaminants
13.8 Nanoparticles for Soil Pathogen Diagnosis
13.8.1 Application of Nanoparticle in Soil Plant Pathogens and Its Risk Assessment
13.9 Disadvantages of Using Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Remediation
13.9.1 Particles Instability
13.9.2 Impurity
13.9.3 Difficulty in Synthesis
13.9.4 Biologically Harmful
13.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Nano-Bioremediation Application for Environment Contamination by Microorganism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A Brief Approach to Nanoparticle Biosynthesis Using Microorganisms
14.3 Bioremediation Through Nanoparticles
14.3.1 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
14.3.2 Advantages of Nanoparticles
14.4 Mechanisms for the Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles
14.5 Nanoparticle Approaches to Manage Pollution
14.6 Advantages of the Use of Biogenic Nanoparticles
14.7 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
14.7.1 Bacterial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
14.7.2 Algae-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles
14.7.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi
14.7.4 Bacteria in Nanoparticle Synthesis
14.7.5 Comparison of Production of Nanoparticles Using Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria
14.8 Nano-phytoremediation Applications
14.8.1 Challenges of Nanoparticles
14.9 Phytoremediation
14.10 Nanoparticle as a Sensor
14.11 Inorganic Contaminant Remediation
14.12 Organic Contaminant Remediation
14.13 Heavy Metal Detoxification
14.13.1 Arsenic Nanoparticles Biogenesis
14.13.2 Biogenesis of Selenium and Tellurium Nanoparticles
14.13.3 Biogenesis of Nanoparticles in CdS
14.13.4 Pt Nanoparticles
14.13.5 Other Metallic Nanoparticles, for Example, Gold and Silver
14.13.6 Palladium and Platinum NPs
14.13.7 Selenium and Tellurium NPs
14.14 Removal of Heavy Metals from Environment
14.14.1 As(III or V), Fe(II), and Mn(II) in Groundwater
14.15 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 15: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Pollutants for Environmental Remediation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Heavy Metals in the Environment
15.3 Organic Pollutants in the Environment
15.3.1 Bioaccumulation
15.3.2 Biosorption
15.3.2.1 Bacterial Biosorption
15.3.2.2 Algal Biosorption
15.3.2.3 Fungal Biosorption
15.4 Conclusion
References