Preface
Part I The history of machine translation
Introduction
1 Early concepts of machine translation
1.1 Pre-computer machine translation
1.2 New impetus to machine translation with the birth of computers
1.3 Booth's article on the historical background of machine translation
1.4 Outside evaluation of the Georgetown University machine- translation system
2 LΓ©on Dostert and the 1954 experiment
2.1 Professor LΓ©on Dostert
2.2 Linguistic basis of P. Garvin
2.3 Macdonald's general report on the Georgetown Unyversity machine translation research project
3 Description and analysis of machine-translation development
3.1 Bar-Hillel's report on automatic translation of language
3.2 Josselson's views on the historical development of machine translation
3.3 Government support of machine translation and its advisory committee (ALPAC)
3.4 Machine translation in Western Europe
3.5 Klein's criticism of practical machine-translation research
3.6 Machine translation in Bulgaria
4 Machine translation in the Soviet Union
4.1 Kenneth E. Harper's article on machine translation in the USSR
4.2 The theoretical approach toward machine translation in the USSR
4.3 The latest developments in the USSR
5 Directions for future development of machine-translation research: the Rosslyn machine-translation seminar
6 Conclusions
Part II The problem of machine translation
Introduction
1 Preliminary
1.1 The text
1.2 Thecomputer
1.3 Pre-editing
1.4 Transcription
1.5 The dictionary
2 Processing
2.1 Segmentation
2.2 Idioms
2.3 Exclusions
2.4 Interpolation
2.5 Gap analysis
2.6 Syntactic analysis
2.7 Semantic analysis
2.8 Artifical intelligence
2.9 Synthesis
3 Post-editing
4 Types of systems
4.1 Empirical vs theoretical
4.2 A typical empirical approach
4.3 A typical theoretical approach
4.4 Melded systems
Part III Users' evaluation of machine translation Bozena Henisz-Dostert
Introduction
1 Machine-translation activity at Euratom and Oak Ridge
1.1 Analysis of records
1.2 Requests from outside
2 How the data were collected
2.1 The nature of the questionnaire
2.2 How the users were reached
3 Analysis of questionnaire results
3.1 The users
3.2 The analysis of the answers
3.3 Summary and conclusions
Appendix
1 Questionnaire on the use of machine translation
2 Partial list of ETC clients
3 A sample of users' letters of evaluation
Bibliography
Machine translation samples
Author index
Subject index