Thin Films, Atomic Layer Deposition, and 3D Printing

✍ Scribed by Kingsley Ukoba, Tien-Chien Jen

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 287
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Thin Films, Atomic Layer Deposition, and 3D Printing explains the concept of thin films, atomic layers deposition, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) with an aim to illustrate existing resources and give a broader perspective of the involved processes as well as provide a selection of different types of 3D printing, materials used for 3D printing, emerging trends and applications, and current top-performing 3D printers using different technologies. It covers the concept of the 4IR and its role in current and future human endeavors for both experts/nonexperts. The book includes figures, diagrams, and their applications in real-life situations.

Features:

• Provides comprehensive material on conventional and emerging thin film, atomic layer, and additive technologies.

• Discusses the concept of Industry 4.0 in thin films technology.

• Details the preparation and properties of hybrid and scalable (ultra) thin materials for advanced applications.

• Explores detailed bibliometric analyses on pertinent applications.

• Interconnects atomic layer deposition and additive manufacturing.

This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in mechanical, materials, and metallurgical engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About Authors
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim
1.3 Scope
1.4 Conclusion
2 Demystifying Concept of Thin Films: Properties, Application, and Challenges in Era of 4IR
2.1 Background of Thin Film
2.1.1 Purpose and Applications of Thin Films
2.1.1.1 Optical Coatings
2.1.1.2 Solar Cell
2.1.1.3 Semiconductor
2.1.1.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC)
2.1.1.5 Optoelectronic
2.1.1.6 Flat Panel Displays
2.1.1.7 Data Storage
2.1.1.8 Super Capacitor
2.1.1.9 Gas Sensors
2.2 Thin Film Types
2.3 Thin Film Deposition Classification
2.3.1 Solution-Based Deposition
2.3.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
2.3.2.1 Sputtering Techniques
2.4 DC/RF Multitarget Magnetron Sputtering Equipment
2.5 Maintenance DC/RF Magnetron Sputtering Equipment
2.6 Precautions
2.7 Procedure for Thin Film Deposition Using DC/RF Magnetron Sputtering System
2.8 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.9 Current Trends in Thin Films
2.10 Conclusion
References
3 Thin Films Properties, Characterization Techniques, and Applications
3.1 Thin Films Properties
3.2 Thin Films Characterization and Techniques
3.2.1 Spectroscopy
3.2.2 Optical Radiation
3.2.2.1 Mass Spectrometry
3.2.2.2 Nuclear Spectroscopy
3.2.2.3 Macroscopic Properties Testing
3.3 Morphology
3.3.1 History and Origin of Morphology
3.3.2 Equipment Used for Morphology Characterization
3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope
3.3.4 History and Origin of SEM
3.3.5 Components of an SEM
3.3.6 Merit of SEM
3.3.7 Demerit of SEM
3.4 Application of SEM
3.5 Sample Preparation and Collection
3.5.1 Understanding Or Reading an SEM Micrograph
3.6 Elemental Composition (EDX)
3.6.1 Understanding Or Reading an EDX Micrograph
3.6.2 History of EDS
3.6.3 Advantage of EDS
3.6.4 Disadvantage of EDS
3.6.5 Limitation of EDS
3.6.6 Trends in EDS
3.6.7 Particle Size Analysis
3.6.8 Determining the Correct Particle Size Analysis
3.6.9 Light Scattering Particle Size Analysis
3.6.10 Transmission Electron Microscope
3.6.11 History of TEM
3.7 Sample Preparation of TEM
3.7.1 Operating Principle of TEM
3.7.2 Electron Source
3.7.3 Specimen Stage
3.7.4 Electron Gun
3.7.5 Imaging
3.7.6 Diffraction
3.7.7 Limitation of TEM
3.7.8 Modification of TEM
3.7.9 Selected Area Electron Diffraction
3.7.10 How to Understand and Analyze SAED
3.7.11 Principle of SAED
3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
3.8.1 Operation of an AFM
3.8.2 History of AFM
3.9 Structural (XRD, XRF)
3.9.1 X-Ray Diffractometer
3.9.2 How Does It Work?
3.9.3 Interpretation of XRD Result
3.9.4 Some Equations and Calculations Useful in XRD
3.9.5 Average Crystallite Dimension
3.9.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.10 Electrical Technique
3.10.1 Langmuir Probe
3.10.2 Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy
3.10.3 Photoluminescence
3.10.4 Operating Principle
3.10.5 Reading the Photoluminescence Result
3.11 Four-Point Probe
3.12 Future Trends of Thin Films
3.13 Role of Thin Films in Sustainable Development and Climate Change
3.14 Conclusion
References
4 Demystifying Concept of Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Applications in Fourth Industrial Revolution
4.1 Background of Atomic Layer Deposition
4.1.1 Chemistry Underlying ALD
4.1.1.1 ALD Precursors
4.1.1.2 Characteristics of ALD Precursors
4.1.1.3 Element Precursors
4.1.1.4 Metal Alkyls Complexes
4.1.1.5 Metal Halides Precursor
4.1.1.6 Nonmetal Precursors
4.1.1.7 Atomic Layer Deposition Process
4.1.1.8 Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition
4.1.1.9 Plasma-Enhanced ALD
4.1.2 ALD Reactors
4.1.2.1 Batch ALD Reactors
4.1.2.2 Spatial ALD Reactor
4.1.2.3 Other Reactor Configurations
4.1.2.4 Method of Understanding ALD
4.1.3 Role of Atomic Layer Deposition in Sustainable Development and Climate Change
4.1.4 Trends in Atomic Layer Deposition
4.2 Conclusion
References
5 Demystifying 4IR and Emerging Modern Technology (Solar Energy)
5.1 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) in Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
5.2 Key Technologies of the 4IR
5.2.1 Artificial Intelligence
5.2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
5.2.3 3D Printing
5.2.4 Cloud Computing
5.2.5 Robotics
5.3 Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa
5.3.1 Renewable Energy
5.3.2 Solar Energy
5.4 Solar Cells (Deposition and Self-Cleaning)
5.4.1 Theory of Solar Cells
5.4.2 Classifications of Solar Cells
5.4.3 Perovskite Solar Cells
5.4.4 Thin Films Solar Cells
5.4.5 Increasing Thin Film Solar Cells Efficiency and Absorption
5.5 Self-Cleaning Solar Technology
5.5.1 Mechanism of Self-Cleaning and Examples
5.6 Trends in Solar Technology and Future of Thin Film Industry
5.6.1 Solar Cells Sliced and Diced
5.7 Conclusion
Note
References
6 Demystifying 3D Printing Technology and the Application in Emerging 4IR Technologies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fourth Industrial Revolution
6.2.1 Artificial Intelligence
6.2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
6.2.3 Cloud Computing
6.2.4 Robotics
6.3 3D Printing
6.3.1 Difference Between Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) and Addictive Manufacturing (AM)
6.4 History of 3D Printing
6.4.1 Process of 3D Printing
6.4.2 Components of 3D Printer
6.4.3 3D Printing Procedure
6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3D Printing
6.6 Challenges and Opportunities of 3D Printing
6.6.1 Opportunities of 3D Printing
6.6.2 Challenges of 3D Printing
6.6.3 International Best Practices
6.7 Classification of 3D Printing
6.7.1 3D Printing Main Methods
6.7.1.1 Operation of FDM 3D Printer
6.7.1.2 Characteristics of FDM Print
6.7.1.3 Stages of FDM Printing
6.7.1.4 Finishing and Postprocessing
6.7.2 History of Contour Crafting 3D Printing
6.7.3 Operation of Contour Crafting 3D Printing
6.7.4 Merit of Contour Crafting 3D Printing
6.7.5 Challenges of Contour Crafting 3D Printing
6.7.6 Inkjet 3D Printing
6.7.7 Vat Polymerization 3D Printer
6.7.8 History of SLA 3D Printing
6.7.9 Why SLA Is Preferred Over Others
6.7.10 The Next Phase of SLA
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Materials and Manufacturers of 3D Printing Technology
7.1 Materials for 3D Printing
7.2 Polymer 3D Printing
7.2.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
7.2.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
7.2.2.1 Demerit of PLA for 3D Printing
7.2.3 Polycarbonate (PC)
7.2.4 Nylon for 3D Printing
7.2.4.1 Merits of Nylon for 3D Printing
7.2.4.2 Demerits of Nylon for 3D Printing
7.2.5 PETG 3D Printing
7.2.5.1 Merits of PETG 3D Printing
7.2.5.2 Demerits of PETG 3D Printing
7.3 Metals for 3D Printing
7.4 Manufacturers of Metal 3D Printers
7.4.1 Merits of Metal 3D Printing Process
7.4.2 Demerits of 3D Metal Printing
7.4.3 Stainless Steel for 3D Printing
7.4.3.1 Merits of Stainless Steel for 3D Printing
7.4.3.2 Demerits of Stainless Steel for 3D Printing
7.4.4 Aluminum and Alloys
7.5 Ceramics 3D Printing Technology
7.5.1 Resins
7.5.1.1 Characteristics
7.5.2 Manufacturers of Ceramic 3D Printers
7.5.2.1 Demerits of Resins for 3D Printing
7.5.3 Technical Ceramics 3D Printing
7.6 Concrete 3D Printing Technology
7.6.1 History of Concrete 3D Printing Technology
7.6.2 Classification of Concrete 3D Printing
7.6.3 Future and Market Outlook
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Emerging Applications of 3D Printing Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Factors That Make a Technology Emerging
8.1.2 Classification of Emerging Technologies
8.1.2.1 Agriculture
8.1.2.2 Vertical Farming
8.1.2.3 Agricultural Robots
8.1.2.4 Agricultural Robots Applications
8.1.2.5 Aerospace
8.1.2.6 Medical
8.1.2.7 Neuroscience
8.1.2.8 Space
8.2 Application of 3D Printing in Electricity
8.3 Application of 3D Printing in Emerging Applications
8.3.1 Application of 3D Printing in Biomedical Application
8.3.1.1 Medical Application
8.3.1.2 Bioprinting
8.3.2 The Working Process of Bioprinter
8.3.3 The Step for 3D Bioprinting Process
8.3.3.1 Prebioprinting
8.3.3.2 Bioprinting
8.3.3.3 Postbioprinting
8.3.4 Basic Principle and Approach for Bioprinting
8.3.5 Benefits of 3D Printing Technology in Biomedical
8.3.6 Materials Printed With 3D Bioprinting Technology
8.3.7 Market Outlook
8.3.8 Barriers to 3D Printing in Biomedical Applications
8.3.9 Future of Bioprinting
8.4 Application of 3D Printing for Kids Toys
8.4.1 Application of 3D Printing in Aviation and Aerospace/Space in Era of 4IR
8.4.2 Application of 3D Printing in Construction
8.5 Warfare in Era of 4IR
8.5.1 Education
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Demystifying 4IR and Emerging Modern Technology (Machine Learning and Energy)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History of Machine Learning: History, Algorithm, and Application
9.2.1 History of Machine Learning
9.2.2 Benefits of Machine Learning
9.2.3 Theory of Machine Learning
9.3 Classification of Machine Learning Approach
9.3.1 Supervised Learning
9.3.2 Unsupervised Learning
9.3.3 Reinforcement Learning
9.4 Process of Machine Learning
9.5 Models of Machine Learning
9.6 Applications of Machine Learning
9.7 Limitations of Machine Learning
9.8 Ethics of Machine Learning
9.9 Hardware of Machine Learning
9.9.1 A Physical Neural Network
9.9.2 Embedded Machine Learning
9.10 Techniques and Algorithms in Machine Learning
9.11 Machine Learning and Human Problem
9.12 Implementing Machine Learning
9.12.1 Comparative Performance Parameters
9.13 MATLAB for Machine Learning
9.14 Models and Algorithms of Machine Learning in Energy
9.14.1 ELM
9.14.2 MLP
9.14.3 Support Vector Machine
9.14.4 ANFIS
9.14.5 WNN
9.14.6 Decision Trees
9.14.7 Ensemble Model
9.14.8 Hybrid Models
9.15 Emerging Trends in Machine Learning
9.16 Conclusion
References
10 Demystifying 4IR and Emerging Modern Technology: Water Desalination, Smart Coatings, and Related Technologies
10.1 Smart Coatings
10.2 Energy Storage (Hydrogen and Battery)
10.2.1 Hydrogen Storage
10.2.2 Hydrogen Production
10.2.3 Hydrogen Distribution
10.2.4 Hydrogen Usage
10.2.5 Background On Battery
10.2.6 Battery Industry Structure
10.2.7 Battery Form Factor
10.2.8 Anode and Electrolyte Material
10.3 Water Desalination
10.4 Conclusion
Index