Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems (Communications in Computer and Information Science)

✍ Scribed by Cornel Klein (editor), Matthias Jarke (editor), Markus Helfert (editor), Karsten Berns (editor), Oleg Gusikhin (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 468
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

​This book includes extended and revised selected papers from the 10th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems, SMARTGREENS 2021, and 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems, VEHITS 2021, held as virtual event, in April 28–30, 2021. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 crisis.
The 22 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 140 submissions. The papers present research on advances and applications in the fields of smart cities, electric vehicles, sustainable computing and communications, energy aware systems and technologies, intelligent vehicle technologies, intelligent transport systems and infrastructure, connected vehicles.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Organization
Contents
Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems
Designing Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Smart Cities
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process
2.2 Cellular Automata
2.3 Operational Data Layers
3 Results
3.1 Sensor Positioning Through AHP and Cellular Automata
3.2 Smart City Monitoring System and Control Architecture
4 Conclusions
References
Identifying Requirements to Model a Data Lifecycle in Smart City Frameworks
1 Introduction
2 Objectives of this Paper
3 Issues of Data Lifecycle Modelling
4 Data Lifecycle Modelling Requirements
5 Development of a Taxonomy
6 Analysis of Smart Cities Frameworks
7 Illustrative Use Case
8 Discussion
9 Conclusion
References
A Spatial-Temporal Comparison of EV Charging Station Clusters Leveraging Multiple Validity Indices
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Background
3.1 Partitioning Methods
3.2 Density Methods
3.3 Grid Methods
3.4 Hierarchical Methods
4 Methodology
4.1 Clustering Algorithm Selection
4.2 The Proposed Analytical Workflow
4.3 Clustering and Results Exploration
5 Implementation
6 Discussion of the Results
6.1 Week of May 27th, 2019 - (Reference Week)
6.2 Week of February 17th, 2020
6.3 Week of March 02nd, 2020
6.4 Week of July 29th, 2019
6.5 Week of December 02nd, 2019
6.6 Overall Results
7 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Facade Material Identification for Optimizing Building Energy Consumption Across Various WWRs for ECBC(Code) Compliant Buildings in Warm-Humid Climate, India
1 Introduction
1.1 Urbanization in India
1.2 Sustainable Development Goals
1.3 Energy Consumption Management in India
2 Methodology
2.1 Building Envelope Optimization: WWR, External Wall and Roof Slab Design
2.2 Window to Wall Ratio
2.3 Material Design of External Walls and Roof Slab
2.4 Building Simulation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Graph Apprehension
3.2 Detailed Graph Reading
4 Conclusion
References
Hierarchical Clustering of Complex Energy Systems Using Pretopology
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Pretopology
3.1 Pretopological Space
4 Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms
5 Model Validation and Visualization of Results
5.1 Results on Different Datasets
5.2 Benchmark Dataset
5.3 Results Analysis on Benchmark Dataset
5.4 Real Dataset
5.5 Result Analysis on Real Dataset
6 Discussion and Future Work
7 Conclusion
References
Analysis of Citizen’s Feedback from the Lens of Smart City Framework: A Case Study Based Approach
1 Introduction
2 e-Parking Service (Case Study)
3 Smart City Framework
3.1 Context Layer
3.2 Service Layer
3.3 Technology Layer
3.4 Information Layer
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Decision Support System Based on Rainfall Nowcasting and Artificial Neural Networks to Mitigate Wastewater Treatment Plant Downstream Floods
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and System Layout
3 Methodology
3.1 Data Acquisition
3.2 Nowcasting
3.3 Artificial Neural Networks
4 ANNs Performance
4.1 Multilayer Perceptron
4.2 Long Short-Term Memory
5 User Interface
6 Discussion
7 Conclusions
References
Impact of BIPV Panels Across Various Window-to-Wall Ratios in Commercial Buildings, to Reduce its Energy Performance Index in Warm and Humid Climate Zone of India
1 Introduction
1.1 Energy Consumption in Building Sector
1.2 Energy Efficiency in India
1.3 Renewable Source of Energy in India
2 Literature Review
2.1 Use of BIPV Technology in Buildings
3 Methodology
3.1 Building Data Modelling
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Optimum BIPV System Details According to Building Entrance Façade Orientation
4.2 8-h Building Results with Integration of BIPV System
4.3 24-h Building Results with Integration of BIPV System
5 Analysis
6 Conclusion
References
Building Rich Interior Hazard Maps for Public Safety
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Labeled 2D and 3D Datasets
2.2 Object Detection and Classification in 2D RGB Images
2.3 Object Detection and Classification in 3D Point Clouds
2.4 Object Detection and Classification Pipelines in RGB-D Data
3 Overview
3.1 Challenges
3.2 Approaches
4 Data Collection
4.1 Hardware
4.2 Data Collection Work Flow
5 Data Processing
5.1 2D Image Annotation
5.2 Data Fusion
5.3 Label Clustering and Manual Cleaning
5.4 LiDAR Data Stitching and Georeferencing
6 Application of 3D Building Maps in Public Safety
7 Evaluation Results
7.1 Object Annotation
7.2 Performance Measurement on Point Cloud
8 Conclusion
References
Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems
A Scalable Approach to Vocation and Fleet Identification for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Methods
3.1 Data Aggregation
3.2 Vocation Classifiers
3.3 Fleet Classifiers
4 Results
4.1 Vocation Classification
4.2 Coach Bus Fleet Classification
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
A New Traffic Sign Detection Technique Using Two-Stage Convolutional Neural Networks
1 Introduction
2 The Proposed Approach
2.1 Detection Network
2.2 Classification Network
3 The Dataset
4 Experimental Results
5 Conclusions
References
Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments
1 Introduction
2 Online Real-Time Traffic Estimator
2.1 General Aspects
2.2 Routing Levels and Interactions
3 MPC-Based Traffic Controller
3.1 Controller Structure
3.2 MPC Properties and Characteristics
3.3 Prediction Model
3.4 Parameter Selection and Model Tuning
4 Simulative Application of the Control Strategy
4.1 Simple Fictional Example
4.2 Real-World Scenario
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Solving Complex Intersection Management Problems Using Bi-level MINLPs and Piecewise Linearization Techniques
1 Introduction
2 General Considerations and Assumptions
2.1 Vehicles
2.2 Intersection Geometry
3 Bi-level Problem Formulation
3.1 Lower-Level Problem: Vehicle Motion
3.2 Upper-Level Problem: Intersection Management
4 Piecewise Linearization
5 Numerical Simulations
6 Conclusions and Outlook
A Quantities, Variables, and Conflict Matrix
References
Interaction-Aware Motion Prediction at Highways: A Comparison of Three Lane Changing Models
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Interaction Awareness
2.2 Motion Prediction
2.3 Motion Prediction with Interaction Awareness
3 Architecture
3.1 Map
3.2 Find/Reuse Corridors
3.3 Find Interactions
3.4 Compute Intentions
3.5 Motion Prediction
4 Lateral Models
4.1 Model 1
4.2 Model 2
4.3 Model 3
5 Experimental Results
5.1 Scenario 1
5.2 Scenario 2
5.3 Evaluation Metrics
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Hierarchical Dependency-Driven Scenario-Based Testing for Autonomous Vehicles
1 Introduction
2 Terminology and Related Work
2.1 Terminology and Definition
2.2 Related Work
3 Approach
4 Study
4.1 Object of Analysis
4.2 Variables
4.3 Experimental Procedure
4.4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Optimal Control of Traffic Flow Based on Reinforcement Learning
1 Introduction
2 Optimal Control of Traffic Flows
2.1 Traffic Modelling
2.2 Traffic Control
3 Model-Free Reinforcement Learning
3.1 Policy Optimization
4 Ring Road Control
4.1 Experimental Set-Up
4.2 Results
5 Traffic Light Control
5.1 Experimental Set-Up
5.2 Rush Hour Scenario
5.3 Data-Availability
6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Detecting Extended Incidents in Urban Road Networks for Organic Traffic Control Using Density-Based Clustering of Traffic Flows
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Adaptive Traffic Light Control
2.2 Detection of Traffic Incidents
3 Preliminary Work
3.1 Organic Traffic Control
3.2 Urban Road Networks
3.3 Preliminary Work
4 Approach
4.1 Preprocessing
4.2 DBSCAN
4.3 Domain Knowledge
5 Evaluation
5.1 Traffic Simulator
5.2 Extended Road Networks
5.3 Traffic Volumes
5.4 Distance Measures
5.5 Section and Lane Closures
5.6 Experiments
5.7 Evaluation Criteria
5.8 Results
6 Summary
References
Cooperative Driving: Research on Generic Decentralized Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles
1 Introduction
2 Use Cases for Cooperative Maneuver Coordination
3 Decentralized Maneuver Coordination
3.1 Use Case-Specific Coordination Approaches
3.2 Generic Coordination Approaches
4 Comparison of Approaches
5 Research Gaps in Cooperative Maneuver Coordination
5.1 Detection and Decision Logic
5.2 Maneuver Coordination Protocol
5.3 V2X Communication
6 Conclusion
References
Free-Flow Speed Profile Prediction for Tangent Segments on Urban Roads
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Size
2.2 Road Test Section
2.3 Research Instruments
2.4 Driver Selection
2.5 Driver and Car Data Collection
2.6 Speed Data Collection
2.7 Data Processing
3 Pattern Analysis
3.1 Driver and Car Variables
3.2 Street and Environmental Variables
4 Results
4.1 Calibration Models
4.2 Validation
5 Conclusions
References
Interpretable Privacy-Preserving Collaborative Deep Learning for Taxi Trip Duration Forecasting
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
2.1 Travel Time Forecasting
2.2 Federated Learning
2.3 Explainable AI
3 Explainable Federated Learning
3.1 Federated Deep-learning
3.2 Explaining of Federated Models
4 Experiments
4.1 Available Data
4.2 Experimental Setup
4.3 Alternative Local and Federated Models
4.4 Further Optimisation of Synchronisation Procedure
4.5 Federated Model Explainability
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Development of a Safe Charging Infrastructure System: Requirements, Design, Verification and Validation
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
2.2 Safety Engineering and Functional Safety
2.3 Related Work
3 Safety Requirements
3.1 Risk Assessment
3.2 Functional Safety Requirements for the Charging Station
4 Design
4.1 System Design
4.2 Safety Board Design
4.3 Design FMEA
4.4 Safety Software Design
5 Verification and Validation
5.1 Software Verification
5.2 System Integration Tests
5.3 Validation
6 Conclusions
References
Digital Energy: Towards Comprehensive Digital Support for a Renewable-Based Energy Sector
1 Motivation and Concept
1.1 Fundamental Changes in Energy Supply
1.2 The Fraunhofer-Center Digital Energy
2 Research Challenges and Project Examples
2.1 Harmonizing and Planning European Energy Systems
2.2 Digitization for Demand-Side Energy Savings and Flexibility
2.3 Protecting the Digitized Energy System with IT Security
2.4 Digital Transformation of Energy Business Models
3 Impact
References
Author Index