Smart Cities and Smart Communities: Empowering Citizens through Intelligent Technologies (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 294)

✍ Scribed by Srikanta Patnaik (editor), Siddhartha Sen (editor), Sudeshna Ghosh (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 471
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

“Smart City” programs and strategies have become one of the most dominant urban agendas for local governments worldwide in the past two decades. The rapid urbanization rate and unprecedented growth of megacities in the 21st century triggered drastic changes in traditional ways of urban policy and planning, leading to an influx of digital technology applications for fast and efficient urban management. With the rising popularity in making our cities “smart”, several domains of urban management, urban infrastructure, and urban quality-of-life have seen increasing dependence on advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) that optimize and control the day-to-day functioning of urban systems. Smart Cities, essentially, act as digital networks that obtain large-scale real-time data on urban systems, process them, and make decisions on how to manage them efficiently. The book presents 26 chapters, which are organized around five topics: (1) Conceptual framework for smart citiesand communities; (2) Technical concepts and models for smart city and communities; (3) Civic engagement and citizen participation; (4) Case studies from the Global North; and (5) Case studies from the Global South.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction
1.1 Smart Cities and Communities: An Overview
1.2 Purpose of the Book
1.3 Organization of the Book
References
Part I Conceptual Framework for Smart Cities and Communities
2 Technology Talks: The Evolution and Rhetoric of #Smartcities
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background
2.3 The Social Media Rhetoric of #Smartcities
2.3.1 Language
2.3.2 Content: Keywords and Hashtags
2.3.3 Websites
2.3.4 Bots and #Smartcities
2.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
3 Projects for Smart Cities: Ecosystems, Connected Intelligence and Innovation for the Radical Transformation of Cities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature: Projects and the Supply Chain for the Smart City
3.2.1 Intelligent/Smart City: A New Urban Paradigm
3.2.2 Subsystems: The Smart City as a System of Systems
3.2.3 Smart City Projects
3.2.4 Smart City Projects and Planning
3.3 Smart City Projects from Around the World
3.3.1 Structuring by Ecosystems
3.3.2 Diversity and Standardisation of Projects Per Ecosystem
3.3.3 Projects and Technology
3.3.4 Typology of Projects and Architectures of Integration
3.4 Smart City Projects: Drivers and Barriers
3.4.1 Improve-My-City: Collective Intelligence and Reward for User Engagement
3.4.2 CUTLER’s Smart Parking: New E-Services Over Data
3.4.3 STORM Cloudfunding: Organisational and Institutional Barriers
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
Appendix 3.1: Smart City Projects by City and Ecosystem
References
4 The Histories of New (Geo)Politics of Smart Villages Communities in a Global World. A Contribution to Geographical Debate
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Global Countryside, Rural Community Histories and People
4.3 Smart Cities, Smart Communities and Smart Growth
4.4 Smart Spatial Politics and Communities Histories
4.5 Smart Connectivity and Communities Histories
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Identifying, Mapping and Measuring Europe’s Smart Cities and Digital Divides: Hyperlink Variations in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Cities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is a Smart City?
5.3 City Selection and Methodology
5.4 Country-Level Analyses
5.4.1 Hyperlink Volumes, by Country
5.4.2 Comparing Hyperlink Volumes and Population
5.5 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary City Hyperlink Volumes
5.5.1 Hyperlinks Per Capita
5.5.2 Hyperlinks to Photos and Maps
5.6 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Paired Hyperlink Volumes
5.6.1 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Linkages
5.7 Comparing a Subject/Knowledge Base for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Cities
5.8 Discussion: Mapping Degrees of Smartness
5.9 Conclusion
References
Part II Technical Concepts and Models for Smart Cities and Communities
6 Role of Smart Dustbin in Creating a Smart Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Applications of IoT in Building a Smart Environment
6.2.1 Smart User
6.2.2 Smart Education
6.2.3 Smart Government
6.2.4 Smart Health Care
6.2.5 Smart Agriculture
6.3 Specific Technologies for IoT Applications
6.3.1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
6.3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
6.3.3 Bluetooth
6.3.4 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
6.3.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
6.3.6 ZigBee
6.3.7 Near-Field Communication (NFC)
6.4 Methods and Objective of Smart Dustbin
6.4.1 Working Principle of Smart Dustbin
6.5 Result Analysis
6.5.1 Comparative Study
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Smart Technologies and Aging Society
7.1 Introduction
7.2 “Smart Home” Technologies
7.2.1 Definition of Smart Home
7.2.2 Examples of Smart Home Technology
7.2.3 Implications of Smart Home Technologies on Older Adults’ Aging in Place
7.2.4 What is the Approximate Cost of an Average Smart Home?
7.3 “Smart Mobility” Technologies
7.3.1 Definition of Smart Mobility
7.3.2 Types of Smart Mobility Technologies
7.4 Discussion
7.5 Limitations of This Study
7.6 Conclusions
References
Part III Civic Engagement and Citizen Participation
8 Conceptual Model of Mixed-Methods Community Engagement Infrastructure Using Cloud-Based Computing Combined with On-Site Engagement and Action Projects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Illusion of Collaborative Planning
8.2.1 Rational Ignorance
8.2.2 Involving Underrepresented Populations
8.2.3 Cutting-edge Technical Architectures Enabling Community Engagement
8.2.4 Research Focus: Ways of Involving Underrepresented and Marginalized Populations in Urban Planning
8.3 Basic Principles of a Successful Civic Engagement Infrastructure
8.3.1 Mix-Methods Engagement
8.3.2 Playful Public Participation
8.3.3 Technology-Based Participatory Methods
8.3.4 Action Projects in the Neighborhoods
8.4 Conceptual Model of a Mixed-Methods Civic Engagement Infrastructure
8.5 Reflections: Beyond Technical Infrastructure
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Digital Placemaking: An Analysis of Citizen Participation in Smart Cities
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Smart Cities and People
9.3 The Traditional Model of Citizen Participation
9.4 Smart Cities and Digital Placemaking
9.5 Thoughts on Citizen Participation
9.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV Case Studies from the Global North
10 Historian for a Day: A Use Case of Augmented Reality in Civic Engagement
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Augmented Reality in Civic Engagement
10.3 The Technical Framework
10.3.1 Geospatial Data Visualization
10.3.2 Multi-media Integration
10.3.3 Pokémon-Go Integration
10.4 The Partnership
10.5 The Community Events and the AR Apps
10.5.1 Event-1: Neighborhood History Walk App
10.5.2 Event-2: Neighborhood Pop-Up Story-Telling AR Exhibit
10.5.3 Event-3: #HomeCLT
10.6 Discussions
10.7 Preliminary Conclusion
10.7.1 Future Outlook
References
11 Web Mapping Platforms for Community Planning and Engagement: Lessons Learned from NJ MAP
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Case Study: NJ MAP
11.2.1 New Jersey Context for NJ MAP
11.2.2 Open Access Platform
11.2.3 Democratizing Data and Aiming Toward Equity
11.3 Project Collections
11.3.1 Collection #1—Conservation Blueprint
11.3.2 Collection #2—Camden Conservation Blueprint
11.3.3 Collection #3—Parcel Explorer
11.3.4 Collection #4—Land Use Change Viewer
11.3.5 Collection #5—Buildout Modeling
11.3.6 Collection #6—Natural Resources
11.4 Geospatial Data—Bridging
11.5 Implementation
11.6 Community Engagement and Feedback
11.7 Lessons Learned
11.8 Conclusion
References
Part V Case Studies from the Global South
12 One More in the Family
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Smart Village Concept
12.2.1 Connectivity, Sine Qua Non of Smart Villages
12.2.2 Red (Network) Jalisco
12.3 The State of Jalisco’s Base Project for Smart Cities
12.3.1 Background
12.3.2 Jalisco’s Base Project and Local Smart Villages
12.4 One More in the Family
12.4.1 Tree Planting as a Smart Strategy
12.4.2 Pilot Project
12.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
12.5.1 Scaling Up
12.5.2 Challenges and Future Outlook
References
13 How Inclusive are the Smart City Projects Implemented in India?
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Research Method
13.3 Inclusive Planning Theories
13.4 Indian Inclusive Policies
13.5 History of Slum Eviction in India
13.6 Indian Smart City Mission
13.7 SCM’s Inclusive Principles and Actual Actions
13.8 Findings
13.9 Conclusion
13.10 Recommendations
References
14 Two Scales of Planned Interventions in Three Smart Cities of India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background
14.2.1 Context of Urbanization
14.2.2 The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) of India
14.3 Two Spatial Scales of Smart City Intervention
14.3.1 ABD Plans Were Pilot Initiatives, Capital Intensive, but Limited in Geographic Scope
14.3.2 PCS Plans Were Smart ICT Solutions Benefiting the Entire Municipal Area
14.4 Three Types of Area-Based Development (ABD) in Smart Cities—Cases
14.4.1 Bhopal ABD—A Case of Redevelopment
14.4.2 Indore ABD—A Case of Retrofitting and Redevelopment
14.4.3 Satna ABD—A Case of Greenfield Development
14.5 Pan-City Solutions (PCS) in the Case Study Cities
14.5.1 PCS Initiatives in Bhopal
14.5.2 PCS Initiatives in Indore
14.5.3 PCS Initiatives in Satna
14.6 Discussions
14.6.1 Smart Cities PCS Plans Engaged Citizens and Improved Cities’ Efficiency
14.6.2 ABD Benefits Only Fraction of the City, Have Potential to Become Islands of Prosperity
14.6.3 Revenues from Land-Based Financing Must Be Grounded in Realistic Estimates
14.6.4 The Retrofit Based ABD Are More Replicable and Have a Greater Impact
14.6.5 Success of Land Pooling Schemes Have Prerequisites
14.7 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
References
15 Enhancing Participation for Inclusive Cities: Sustainable Action Plans for Indian Smart Cities to Re-define Public Engagement
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Civic Engagement in India Smart Cities Mission
15.3 Review of Literature
15.4 Design and Development of EPIC Toolkit: A Model for Sustaining Civic Engagement
15.4.1 Design of the EPIC Toolkit
15.4.2 Implementation of EPIC in Chandigarh as Pilot Study
15.5 Identifying Typology of Cities for EPIC Implementation
15.5.1 Use of the Socio-Demographic Parameters for the Dashboard
15.5.2 Integrated Dashboard
15.6 Sustainable Action Plans: EPIC Framework
15.6.1 Routine G2C Services
15.6.2 Grievance Redressal
15.6.3 Feedback Collection
15.6.4 Information Sharing and Awareness Generation
15.6.5 Inputs Soliciting
15.6.6 Solution Co-creation
15.6.7 Citizen Co-management
15.7 Resources Designed by the Team for Enhanced Participation
15.7.1 Internal Checklist
15.7.2 Stakeholder Management
15.7.3 Information Gathering and Feedback Formats
15.7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
15.7.5 Parameters for Success
15.8 Conclusion
15.8.1 Key Takeaways from the Chandigarh Pilot Strategies
15.8.2 Transferability and Scalability in Other Cities
15.8.3 Recommendations
References
16 Transit, Incentive Zoning, and Affordable Housing—A Proposal for Land-Based Financing Using Smart ICT Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Literature Review of TOD
16.2.1 TOD Features
16.2.2 Land Use Transformations and Property Value Premiums in TOD
16.2.3 Affordable Housing and TOD
16.2.4 Land-Based Financing and TOD
16.2.5 Integrated Land and Property Development Information Systems to Evaluate Policy Impacts and Estimate Land-Based Financing
16.3 An Empirical Case Study of TOD in Gurugram
16.3.1 Gurugram and the National Capital Region
16.3.2 Restricted Land Use Regulations in Gurugram
16.3.3 TOD Policy, Four Transit Corridors, and Group Housing Lands in Gurugram
16.3.4 TOD Policy Allowing Higher FAR in Exchange for a Fee (A Land-Based Financing)
16.3.5 Assessing Development Potential of Group Housing in TOD Zones
16.3.6 An Illustration of Emerald Bay Along the NPR Corridor
16.3.7 Profitability Analysis of a 10 Acre Site
16.3.8 Potential Effects of TOD on the Built Form
16.3.9 Mega Landlords in the TOD
16.4 Key Issues and Challenges
16.5 Need for a Land and Property Development Information Systems (LPDIS)
16.5.1 Components of the LPDIS and How to Establish LPDIS
16.5.2 How It Benefits the Future, Discussions, and Challenges
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Geo-spatial Assessment of Inherent Smart Urban Attributes of Traditional Neighborhood-Level Communities in India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature Review
17.2.1 Concept of Smart Cities
17.2.2 Research Gaps
17.2.3 Conceptual Smart City Model
17.3 Case Study
17.3.1 Selection Criteria
17.3.2 Macro-level Characteristics
17.3.3 Micro-level Characteristics
17.4 Methodology
17.5 Assessment of Spatial Smart Urban Attributes
17.5.1 Compactness
17.5.2 Density
17.5.3 Green and Open Spaces
17.5.4 Diversity
17.5.5 Accessibility
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 ICT-Based Smart Solution to Assessment of Socio-economic Vulnerability and Necessary Interventions by Local Government
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Socio-economic Vulnerability
18.2.1 The Concept, Causal Factors, and Indicators
18.2.2 Aim of the Research
18.2.3 Introduction to Study Region and Local Governance System in West Bengal
18.3 Methodological Framework
18.3.1 Formulation of Socio-economic Vulnerability Index—Theoretical Explanation
18.3.2 Identification of Indicators
18.3.3 Standardization of Data
18.3.4 Vulnerability Index—Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
18.4 Socio-economic Vulnerability and ICT—A Computer Application
18.5 Conclusions—Governance with ICT and Platform for Policy Recommendations
References
19 Concluding Remarks
19.1 Salient Themes
19.1.1 The Need to Broaden the Definition of Smart Cities and Communities
19.1.2 Challenges of Digital Divide
19.1.3 Ineffective Methods of Citizen Participation
19.1.4 Insights on Recent Approaches to Increase Effectiveness in Involving Citizens
19.1.5 Took Kits and Technologies for Planners, Public Policy Maker, and Government Officials
19.2 Concluding Remarks