Scheflen") has discussed how he, as a skilled clinician, can draw important dynamic hypotheses from therapists' and clients' facial and kinesic behavior ; Daniels and Prosen(') and Needles(6) have done the same. The present study adds to these findings by showing that therapeutic variables can also be reliably rated from pictures by untrained judges, and that the specific cues used for such ratings are facial expressions. Though ratings of still photographs are not necessarily generalizable to a counselor's entire range of therapeutic behavior, the study does illustrate the meaningfulness of nonverbal behavior to untrained judges (and presumably therapy clients), and so confirms previous authors' suggestions that clinicians should be aware of their facial expressions. SUMMARY In order to begin the identification of nonverbal cues of therapist genuineness, empathy, and warmth, and to test the reliability of such judgments, 10 trained and 30 naive judges rated groups of 67 and 18 photographs of counselors. The reasonably high levels of agreement found within and between groups of judges suggested that therapeutic attitudes are communicated through nonlinguistic behavior. Masking of parts of pictures showed that Ss are responsive to facial rather than bodily cues. The importance of nonverbal behavior to psychotherapy clients was discussed.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VISUAL AND AUDITORY
CUES OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS* JEFFERY 0. SHAPIRO Arkansas Rehabililation Research and Training Cder and University of Arkansas
PROBLEM
The importance of nonverbal cues in judging interpersonal interactions has recently been emphasized('# 2, s). Studies have shown that judges who are allowed only visual monitoring of Ss can make reliable, psychologically meaningful statements about the expressors' current emotional state.