Zymomonas mobilis is able to convert glucose and fructose to gluconic acid and sorbitol. The enzyme, glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, catalysing the intermolecular oxidation-reduction of glucose and fructose to gluconolactone and sorbitol, was formed in high amounts [1.4 units (U).mg -1] when Z. mobilis was grown in chemostats with glucose as the only carbon source under non-carbon-limiting conditions. The activity of a gluconolactone-hydrolysing lactonase was constant at 0.2 U.mg-1. Using glucose-grown cells for the conversion of equimolar fructose and glucose mixtures up to 60% (w/v), a maximum product concentration of only 240 g. 1-1 of sorbitol was found. The gluconic acid accumulated was further metabolized to ethanol. After permeabilizing the cells using cationic detergents, maximum sorbitol and gluconic acid concentrations of 295 g. 1 -1 each were reached; no ethanol production occurred. In a continuous process with tccarrageenan-immobilized and polyethylenimin-hardened, permeabilized cells no significant decrease in the conversion yield was observed after 75 days. The specific production rates for a high yield conversion (>98%) in a continuous two-stage process were 0.19 g . g -l . h -x for sorbitol and 0.21 g-g-~.h -~ for gluconic acid, respectively. For the sugar conversion of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-treated tc-carrageenanimmobilized cells a Vmax of 1.7 g.g-1, h-1 for sorbitol production and a Km of 77.2 g. 1-~ were determined