Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science

✍ Scribed by Susan J. Masten and Mackenzie L. Davis

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 913
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Davis, Mackenzie Leo, 1941- author. | Masten, Susan J., author.
Principles of environmental engineering & science / Mackenzie L. Davis,
Michigan State University, Susan J. Masten, Michigan State University.
Principles of environmental engineering and science
Fourth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
LCCN 2018048530 | ISBN 9781259893544 (bound edition)
LCSH: Environmental engineering. | Environmental sciences.
LCC TD145 .D2623 2020 | DDC 628—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048530

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Introduction
1–1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
Natural Science
Environmental Science
Quantitative Environmental Science
1–2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
Professional Development
Professions
1–3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Overview
Hydrology
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Air Pollution Control
Solid and Hazardous Waste
1–4 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSAND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS WORK TOGETHER
1–5 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
Where Do We Start?
A Short Outline of This Book
1–6 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Systems
Water Resource Management System
Air Resource Management System
Solid Waste Management System
Multimedia Systems
Sustainability
1–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
Acts, Laws, and Regulations
1–8 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Case 1: To Add or Not to Add
Case 2: You Can't Do Everything At Once
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
2 Chemistry
Case Study: Leaded Gasoline: Corporate Greed Versus Chemistry
2–1 INTRODUCTION
2–2 BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces
The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Chemical Equilibrium
Reaction Kinetics
2–3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds
Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds
2–4 WATER CHEMISTRY
Physical Properties of Water
States of Solution Impurities
Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions
Buffers
2–5 SOIL CHEMISTRY
2–6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
Fundamentals of Gases
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
3 Biology
Case Study: Lake Erie is Dead
3–1 INTRODUCTION
3–2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
3–3 THE CELL
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cell Membrane
Cell Organelles of Eukaryotes
Cell Organelles of Plant Cells
Cell Organelles of Prokaryotes
3–4 ENERGY AND METABOLISM
Cells, Matter, and Energy
3–5 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
The Cell Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
3–6 DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS
3–7 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
Archaea
Bacteria
3–8 PROTISTS
Protozoa
Algae
Slime Molds and Water Molds
3–9 FUNGI
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota
3–10 VIRUSES
3–11 MICROBIAL DISEASE
3–12 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
4 Materials and Energy Balances
4–1 INTRODUCTION
4–2 UNIFYING THEORIES
Conservation of Matter
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Matter and Energy
4–3 MATERIALS BALANCES
Fundamentals
Time as a Factor
More Complex Systems
Efficiency
The State of Mixing
Including Reactions and Loss Processes
Reactors
Reactor Analysis
4–4 ENERGY BALANCES
First Law of Thermodynamics
Fundamentals
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
5 Ecosystems
Case Study: Ecosystems
5–1 INTRODUCTION
Ecosystems
5–2 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS
5–3 ENERGY AND MASS FLOW
Bioaccumulation
5–4 NUTRIENT CYCLES
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
5–5 POPULATION DYNAMICS
Bacterial Population Growth
Animal Population Dynamics
Human Population Dynamics
5–6 LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM
Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes
Biological Zones
Lake Productivity
Eutrophication
5–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
6 Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management
Case Study: Imposed Risk Versus Assumed Risk
6–1 INTRODUCTION
6–2 RISK PERCEPTION
6–3 RISK ASSESSMENT
Data Collection and Evaluation
Toxicity Assessment
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
6–4 RISK MANAGEMENT
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
7 Hydrology
Case Study: Potential Failure of the Oroville Dam
7–1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY
The Hydrological Cycle
7–2 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, AND STREAMFLOW
Precipitation
Evaporation
Infiltration
Streamflow
7–3 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY
Aquifers
7–4 GROUNDWATER FLOW
7–5 WELL HYDRAULICS
Definition of Terms
Cone of Depression
7–6 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AS A WATER SUPPLY
7–7 DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER
Water Rights
Water Use
Land Subsidence
7–8 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Low Impact Development
Wet Weather Green Infrastructure
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
8 Sustainability
Case Study: A New Precious Metal—Copper!
8–1 INTRODUCTION
Sustainability
The People Problem
There Are No Living Dinosaurs
Go Green
8–2 WATER RESOURCES
Water, Water, Everywhere
Frequency from Probability Analysis
Floods
Droughts
8–3 ENERGY RESOURCES
Fossil Fuel Reserves
Nuclear Energy Resources
Environmental Impacts
Sustainable Energy Sources
Green Engineering and Energy Conservation
8–4 MINERAL RESOURCES
Reserves
Environmental Impacts
Resource Conservation
8–5 SOIL RESOURCES
Energy Storage
Plant Production
8–6 PARAMETERS OF SOIL SUSTAINABILITY
Nutrient Cycling
Soil Acidity
Soil Salinity
Texture and Structure
8–7 SOIL CONSERVATION
Soil Management
Soil Erosion
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
9 Water Quality Management
Case Study: Deepwater Horizon: The Largest Oil Spill Disaster in U.S. History
9–1 INTRODUCTION
9–2 WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
Point Sources
Nonpoint Sources
Oxygen-Demanding Material
Nutrients
Pathogenic Organisms
Suspended Solids
Salts
Pesticides
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Other Organic Chemicals
Arsenic
Toxic Metals
Heat
Nanoparticles
9–3 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN RIVERS
Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Nitrogen Oxidation
DO Sag Curve
Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers
9–4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN LAKES
Control of Phosphorus in Lakes
Acidification of Lakes
9–5 WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIES
9–6 WATER QUALITY IN OCEANS
9–7 GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters
9–8 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
10 Water Treatment
Case Study: The Flint Water Crisis
10–1 INTRODUCTION
Water Quality
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Microbiological Characteristics
Radiological Characteristics
U.S. Water Quality Standards
Water Classification and Treatment Systems
10–2 RAPID MIXING, FLOCCULATION, AND COAGULATION
Colloid Stability and Destabilization
The Physics of Coagulation
Coagulants
Mixing and Flocculation
10–3 SOFTENING
Hardness
Lime–Soda Softening
Ion-Exchange Softening
10–4 SEDIMENTATION
Overview
Determination of Settling Velocity (vs)
Determination of Overflow Rate (vo)
10–5 FILTRATION
10–6 DISINFECTION
Disinfection Kinetics
Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products
Chlorine Reactions in Water
Chloramines
Chlorine Dioxide
Ozonation
Ultraviolet Radiation
10–7 OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR DRINKING WATER
Membrane Processes
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
Carbon Adsorption
Aeration
10–8 WATER PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
Mass-Balance Analysis
Sludge Treatment
Ultimate Disposal
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
11 Wastewater Treatment
Case Study: Tenafly Sewage Treatment Plant: A Plant Decades Ahead of Its Time
11–1 INTRODUCTION
Wastewater Treatment Perspective
11–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater
11–3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes
11–4 ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
11–5 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
11–6 UNIT OPERATIONS OF PRETREATMENT
Bar Racks
Grit Chambers
Macerators
Equalization
11–7 PRIMARY TREATMENT
11–8 UNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT
Overview
Role of Microorganisms
Population Dynamics
Activated Sludge
Trickling Filters
Oxidation Ponds
Rotating Biological Contactors
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
11–9 DISINFECTION
11–10 TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Filtration
Carbon Adsorption
Chemical Phosphorus Removal
Biological Phosphorus Removal
Nitrogen Control
11–11 LAND TREATMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Slow Rate
Overland Flow
Rapid Infiltration
Potential Adverse Affects
11–12 SLUDGE TREATMENT
Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges
Solids Computations
Sludge Treatment Processes
11–13 SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Ultimate Disposal
Land Spreading
Landfilling
Dedicated Land Disposal
Utilization
Sludge Disposal Regulations
11–14 DIRECT POTABLE REUSE
Description
Public Perception
Health Issues
Technological Capability
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
12 Air Pollution
Case Study: Killer Smog Blankets Town
12–1 INTRODUCTION
Air Pollution Perspective
12–2 FUNDAMENTALS
Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure
Relativity
Adiabatic Expansion and Compression
12–3 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS
12–4 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Effects on Materials
Effects on Vegetation
Effects on Health
12–5 ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Carbon Monoxide
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide
Photochemical Oxidants
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
12–6 MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTION
Indoor Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Ozone Depletion
Global Warming
12–7 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY
The Atmospheric Engine
Turbulence
Stability
Terrain Effects
12–8 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION
Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants
Dispersion Modeling
12–9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL
12–10 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES
Gaseous Pollutants
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides
Particulate Pollutants
Control Technologies for Mercury
12–11 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES
Engine Fundamentals
Control of Automobile Emissions
12–12 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
13 Solid Waste Engineering
Case Study: Too Much Waste, Too Little Space
13–1 INTRODUCTION
Magnitude of the Problem
13–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE
13–3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
13–4 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION
13–5 WASTE AS RESOURCE
Background and Perspective
Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
Recycling
Composting
Source Reduction
13–6 SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
Combustion Processes
Types of Incinerators
Public Health and Environmental Issues
Other Thermal Treatment Processes
13–7 DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILL
Site Selection
Operation
Environmental Considerations
Leachate
Methane and Other Gas Production
Landfill Design
Landfill Closure
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
14 Hazardous Waste Management
Case Study: Don't Cry over Spilled Milk but Do Cry over Contaminated Milk
14–1 INTRODUCTION
Dioxins and PCBs
14–2 EPA'S HAZARDOUS WASTE DESIGNATION SYSTEM
14–3 RCRA AND HSWA
Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste
Cradle-to-Grave Concept
Generator Requirements
Transporter Regulations
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements
Underground Storage Tanks
14–4 CERCLA AND SARA
The Superfund Law
The National Priority List
The Hazard Ranking System
The National Contingency Plan
Liability
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
14–5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Minimization
Waste Exchange
Recycling
14–6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Biological Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Physical/Chemical Treatment
Incineration
Stabilization–Solidification
14–7 LAND DISPOSAL
Deep Well Injection
Land Treatment
The Secure Landfill
14–8 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION
The Process of Contamination
EPA's Groundwater Remediation Procedure
Mitigation and Treatment
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
15 Noise Pollution
Case Study: The Noise, The Noise, The Noise!
15–1 INTRODUCTION
Properties of Sound Waves
Sound Power and Intensity
Levels and the Decibel
Characterization of Noise
15–2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLE
The Hearing Mechanism
Normal Hearing
Hearing Impairment
Damage-Risk Criteria
Speech Interference
Annoyance
Sleep Interference
Effects on Performance
Acoustic Privacy
15–3 RATING SYSTEMS
Goals of a Noise-Rating System
The LN Concept
The Leq Concept
The Ldn Concept
15–4 COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCES AND CRITERIA
Transportation Noise
Other Internal Combustion Engines
Construction Noise
Zoning and Siting Considerations
Levels to Protect Health and Welfare
15–5 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND OUTDOORS
Inverse Square Law
Radiation Fields of a Sound Source
Directivity
Airborne Transmission
15–6 TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION
Leq Prediction
Ldn Prediction
15–7 NOISE CONTROL
Source-Path-Receiver Concept
Control of Noise Source by Design
Noise Control in the Transmission Path
Control of Noise Source by Redress
Protect the Receiver
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
FE Exam Formatted Problems
References
16 Ionizing Radiation
Case Study: Chernobyl: A Land Lost Forever?
16–1 FUNDAMENTALS
Atomic Structure
Radioactivity and Radiation
Radioactive Decay
Radioisotopes
Fission
The Production of X-Rays
Radiation Dose
16–2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects
Determinants of Biological Effects
Acute Effects
Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome
Delayed Effects
Genetic Effects
16–3 RADIATION STANDARDS
16–4 RADIATION EXPOSURE
External and Internal Radiation Hazards
Natural Background
X-Rays
Radionuclides
Nuclear Reactor Operations
Radioactive Wastes
16–5 RADIATION PROTECTION
Reduction of External Radiation Hazards
Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards
16–6 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Types of Waste
Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Long-Term Management and Containment
Chapter Review
Problems
Discussion Questions
References
Appendices
A: PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS
B: LIST OF ELEMENTS WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC MASSES
C: PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
D: USEFUL UNIT CONVERSION AND PREFIXES
E: GREEK ALPHABET
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Y
Z