Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice (Environmental Science and Engineering)

✍ Scribed by Ramesha Chandrappa, Diganta Bhusan Das

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 876
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses solid waste management issues from global to local level. It offers an overview of the methods and paradigms of this burgeoning field, ranging from generation, characteristics, quantity, and practical challenges. The book discusses the major issues with respect to environmental health and economy, which are related to solid waste management. Furthermore, it contains updated information on topics such as toxicology, climate change, population pressure, urbanization, energy production, building and community design, and disaster preparedness in the context of solid waste management.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
1 Introduction
1.1 Need for Solid Waste Management
1.2 Importance of a Sound Solid Waste Management
1.3 Change in Quantity and Characteristics Over Time
1.4 Waste Management in Pre-industrialization Era
1.5 Waste Management in Post-industrialization Era
1.6 Integrated Solid Waste Management
1.7 Waste Prevention and Life Cycle Assessment
1.8 Producers Responsibility
1.9 Solid Waste Mangement and Regulation
1.9.1 Need for Regulation
1.9.2 International Regulations
1.9.3 Regulation in Different Countries
1.10 Framework for SWM
1.10.1 Elements of a Waste Management System
1.10.2 Stakeholders
1.11 Financial Issues in SWM
1.11.1 Capital Investment
1.11.2 Operation and Maintenance
1.12 Waste Generation—Rich Versus Poor
1.13 Psychology and Waste Generation
References
2 Waste Quantities and Characteristics
2.1 Sources of Solid Waste
2.2 Quantities and Composition
2.3 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics
2.3.1 Physical Characteristics
2.3.2 Chemical Characteristics
2.3.3 Biological Characteristics
References
3 Storage and Collection
3.1 Storage
3.2 Collection
3.2.1 Collection from Low-Rise Detached Houses
3.2.2 Collection from Medium-Rise Building
3.2.3 Collection from High-Rise Building
3.2.4 Collection from Commercial and Industrial Facilities
3.2.5 Vehicles for Collection and transportation
3.2.6 Pneumatic Refuse Collection System
3.3 Transfer and Transport
3.4 Drop-Off Station
References
4 Materials Recovery and Recycling
4.1 Segregation
4.1.1 Hand Sorting
4.1.2 Screens
4.1.3 Air Classifiers
4.1.4 Sink-Float Separators
4.1.5 Inclined Tables
4.1.6 Shaking Tables
4.1.7 Optical Sorting
4.1.8 Sorting by Differential Melting Temperature
4.1.9 Sorting by Selective Dissolution
4.1.10 Magnetic Separation
4.1.11 Eddy Current Separators
4.1.12 Electrostatic Separators
4.1.13 Shredding
4.1.14 Pulping
4.1.15 Crushing
4.1.16 Baling
4.1.17 Ballistic Separators
4.2 Reuse and Recycle
4.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment
4.2.2 Road Making
4.2.3 Removal and Recovery Method
4.2.4 Stabilization
4.2.5 Deactivation
4.2.6 Metal Removal and Recovery
4.2.7 Aqueous Treatment
4.2.8 Plastic Granulating
4.2.9 Recycled Polyester Fibre Manufacturing
4.2.10 Glass Recycling and Reusing
4.2.11 Waste to Fuel
4.2.12 Emerging Technologies
References
5 Disposal
5.1 Landfill
5.1.1 Processes Within a Landfill
5.1.2 Controlling Leachate and Gas
5.1.3 Monitoring of Landfills
5.1.4 Closure of Landfills
5.1.5 Operation of Landfills
5.1.6 Use of Old Landfill Sites
5.1.7 Landfill Mining
5.1.8 Landfilling Hazardous Waste
5.1.9 Bioreactor Landfill
5.2 Co-processing of Solid Wastes
5.3 Incineration and Waste to Energy
5.3.1 Heat Value of Refuse
5.3.2 Combustion and Energy Recovery
5.3.3 Energy Production from Waste
5.3.4 Material and Thermal Balances
5.3.5 Waste Heat Recovery
5.4 Other Technologies
5.4.1 Gasification
5.4.2 Plasma Technology
5.4.3 Pyrolysis
References
6 Biomedical Waste
6.1 Significance
6.1.1 Household Biomedical Waste
6.1.2 Biomedical Waste from Rural Area
6.2 Nosocomial Infection and Health Burden Due to Biomedical Waste
6.3 Characteristics and Quantities
6.4 Storage and Transportation
6.5 Treatment and Disposal
6.5.1 Encapsulation
6.5.2 Needle Mutilation
6.5.3 Sharp Pit
6.5.4 Incineration
6.5.5 Autoclaving
6.5.6 Shredding
6.5.7 Hybrid Treatments
6.5.8 Microwaving
6.5.9 Deep Burial
6.5.10 Chemical Disinfection
6.5.11 Frictional Heat Treatment
6.5.12 Composting
6.5.13 Burning
6.5.14 Rendering
6.5.15 Above-Ground Burial
6.6 Radioactive Waste
6.7 Mercury in Biomedical Waste
References
7 Hazardous Waste
7.1 Significance
7.2 Precautions to Be Taken Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste
7.3 Characteristics and Quantity
7.3.1 Household Hazardous Waste and Special Waste
7.3.2 Hazardous Waste from Rural and Urban Area
7.4 Storage of Hazardous Waste
7.5 Treatment and Disposal
7.5.1 Stabilization and Solidification
7.5.2 Incineration and Co-incineration
7.5.3 Landfill
7.5.4 Precautions and Practices During Incineration and Land Filling Hazardous Waste
References
8 Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
8.1 Significance
8.2 Characteristics and Quantity
8.3 Material Recovery, Treatment, and Disposal
8.3.1 Manual Dismantling and Sorting
8.3.2 Mechanical Shredding and Separation
8.4 Metallurgical Processes
8.5 Recycling of Plastics
8.6 Recycling of E-Waste Under Uncontrolled Conditions
References
9 Waste from Industry and Commercial Activity
9.1 Extractive Industries
9.1.1 Mining
9.1.2 Quarrying
9.1.3 Oil and Gas Exploration
9.2 Basic Industries
9.2.1 Metals
9.2.2 Chemicals
9.2.3 Paper
9.2.4 Plastic
9.2.5 Glass
9.2.6 Textile
9.2.7 Wood Products
9.2.8 Power
9.2.9 Petroleum
9.3 Conversion and Fabrication Industry
9.3.1 Packaging
9.3.2 Automotive
9.3.3 Electrical and Electronics
9.3.4 Paper Products
9.3.5 Hardware
9.3.6 Soft Goods
9.3.7 Food Processing
9.3.8 Construction and Demolition
9.4 Service Industries
9.4.1 Entertainment
9.4.2 Hospitality
9.4.3 Software
9.4.4 Communication
9.5 Commercial Activity
9.5.1 Restaurants
9.5.2 Shops
9.5.3 Warehouses
9.6 Source Reduction
9.7 Zero Waste—Concept and Practice
9.8 Innovative Technologies
References
10 Radioactive Waste
10.1 Significance
10.2 Classification of Waste
10.2.1 Mine and Mill Tailings
10.2.2 Waste from Nuclear Power Generation
10.2.3 Waste from Institutional Activities
10.2.4 Defence and Weapon Related Waste
10.3 Characterization
10.4 Pretreatment
10.4.1 Packaging
10.4.2 Decontamination
10.5 Treatment
10.5.1 Compaction and Supercompaction
10.5.2 Incineration
10.5.3 Chemical and Thermochemical Decomposition
10.5.4 Partitioning and Transmutation
10.5.5 Conditioning
10.5.6 Immobilization
10.5.7 Electrochemical Treatment of Radioactive Waste
10.6 Storage
10.7 Disposal
10.7.1 Near-Surface Disposal Facilities (NSDF)
10.7.2 Stone-Lined Earth Trenches
10.7.3 Reinforced Concrete Trenches
10.7.4 Tile Holes
10.7.5 Geological Disposal
10.8 Surveillance and Monitoring
References
11 Health and Safety Issues
11.1 Required Precautions During Manual Operation
11.2 Required Precautions for Moving Materials Mechanically
11.3 Safety During Storage and Transport
11.3.1 Stacking Materials
11.3.2 Safety During Transportation
11.4 Safety During Treatment and Disposal
11.4.1 Safety Issues During Treatment
11.4.2 Safety Issues in Dumpsite
11.4.3 Safety Issues in Landfill Site
11.4.4 Safety Issues in Incinerator
11.5 Work Permit System
11.6 Safety Education and Training
11.7 Safety Promotion and Publicity
11.8 Hazards Encountered in Hazardous Waste Handling and Disposal Site
11.9 Electrical Hazards
11.10 Heat Stress
11.11 Cold Exposure
11.12 Noise and Vibration Hazard
References
12 Environmental Issues
12.1 Impact on Air, Water, and Soil
12.2 Impact on Flora and Fauna
12.3 Greenhouse Gas Generation and Climate Change
References
13 Issues in Disaster Affected Area
13.1 Tsunami
13.2 Earthquake
13.3 Haphazard Disposal of Hazardous Waste
13.4 Flooding
13.5 Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones, Tornados
13.6 War and Conflict
13.7 Wildfires
13.8 Industrial Accidents
13.9 Landslide
13.10 Avalanche
13.11 Drought
13.12 Pandemic/Epidemic Disease
13.13 Hailstorms
13.14 Volcanoes
13.15 Windstorms
13.16 Waste Management
13.16.1 Emergency Response
13.16.2 Recovery
13.16.3 Rebuild
13.16.4 Waste Storage
13.16.5 Waste Transportation
13.16.6 Waste Reuse/Recycle
13.16.7 Waste Disposal
References
14 Solid Waste and Livelihood
14.1 Rag Pickers
14.2 Scrap Dealers
14.3 Waste Collectors
14.4 Sweepers
14.5 Truck Drivers
14.6 Waste Handlers
14.7 Manual Waste Dis-assemblers
14.8 Waste Recyclers
14.9 Itinerant Waste Buyers
References
15 Construction and Demolition Waste
15.1 Sources
15.2 Characteristics
15.3 Quantities
15.4 Management
15.5 Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris
References
16 Legacy Waste
16.1 Bioremediation and Biomining of Old Municipal Dumpsites
16.1.1 Processing Bioremediation and Biomining Processing
16.1.2 Equipments for Processing Legacy Waste
16.2 Treatment Process
16.3 Use of Screened Fraction
16.4 Process Management
16.4.1 Space Management
16.4.2 Leachate Management
16.4.3 Fire Control and Safety
16.4.4 Use of Recovered Space
16.5 Biomining Below-Ground Waste
16.6 Clearing Versus Capping of Legacy Waste
References
17 Waste Mafia
17.1 Illegal Trafficking and Unsustainable Waste Management
17.1.1 Significance of Organized Environmental Crime
17.1.2 Market Situation and Complexity
17.1.3 Non-reliable Data and Greatly Varying Data
17.1.4 Lack of Expert Knowledge
17.1.5 Inadequate Resources for Enforcement
17.1.6 Corporate Crime
17.1.7 Insufficient Cross-Border/Inter-department Cooperation
17.1.8 Poor Administrative Performance
17.2 Consequences of Waste Mafia
17.2.1 Missing Legal Links and Enforcement
References
18 Management Aspects: Planning, Institutional, and Financial Aspects
18.1 The Regulatory Framework: Key Requirements
18.2 Modern Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management: Concepts and Benefits
18.3 Preparation of a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan
18.3.1 Policies, Programmes, and Legal Framework
18.3.2 Assessment of Current Situation and Gap Analysis
18.3.3 Stakeholder Consultation for Municipal Solid Waste Management Planning
18.3.4 Preparation of Draft Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan
18.3.5 Schedule for Implementation
18.3.6 Stakeholder Consultation for Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan Validation
18.3.7 Approval by Concerned Authority
18.4 Role of State and Regional Level Authorities
18.5 Understanding Local Solid Waste Management Needs
18.6 Role of Stakeholders in Municipal Solid Waste Management Planning
18.7 Establish Appropriate Institutional Mechanisms
18.8 Ensure Sustainable Financing for Municipal Solid Waste Management
18.8.1 Basis for Calculation
18.9 Public–Private Partnership
18.10 Centralized Versus Decentralized Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems
18.11 Role of the Informal Sector
References
19 Siting of Municipal Solid Waste Facilities
19.1 Ground and Surface Water Protection
19.2 Presence of Threatened and Endangered Species
19.2.1 Pathogens Infection Risk
19.2.2 Toxics and Foreign Body Ingestion
19.2.3 Impacts on Invasive and Threatened Species
19.2.4 Indirect Impacts of Rubbish Dumps on Wildlife
19.3 Land Use Compatibility
19.4 Water, Sewer, and Electric Utility Availability
19.5 Hauling Distance to the Facility
19.6 Proximity to Waste Generators as Well as Schools, Churches, Hospitals, and Other Public Facilities
19.7 Existence of Natural Buffers Between the Public and the Facility
19.8 Present and Future Population Density and the Need to Relocate Residents
19.9 Cultural and Historic Impact
19.10 Transportation and Traffic Problems
19.11 Perceived Impact on Property Values
19.12 Noise and Visual Impact
19.13 Perceived Risk
19.14 Environmental Equity (Not Concentrating MSW Site in Low Income and Minority Area)
References
20 Mathematical Modelling for Solid Waste Management
20.1 Introduction to Mathematical Modeling
20.1.1 Types of Mathematical Model
20.1.2 Steps in Mathematical Modelling
20.2 Waste Generation Prediction Model
20.3 Facility Planning and Operation Scheduling Model
20.4 Operation Yield and Residue
20.5 Manpower Assignments Model
20.6 Vehicle Management Model
References
Glossary
Index