Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Solid Waste Management
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Definition of Solid Waste
1.1.2 Sources of Solid Waste
1.2 Waste Generation and Quantity
1.3 Types and Composition of Solid Waste
1.3.1 Types of Solid Wastes
1.3.2 Composition of Solid Waste
1.4 Special Types of Solid Waste
1.4.1 Industrial Solid Waste
1.4.1.1 Extractive Industries
1.4.1.2 Basic Industries
1.4.1.3 Manufacturing Industries
1.4.2 Construction and Demolition Waste
1.4.2.1 Definition
1.4.2.2 Quantity
1.4.2.3 Management
1.4.3 Electronic Waste (E-waste)
1.4.3.1 Definition
1.4.3.2 Categories
1.4.3.3 Impacts
1.4.3.4 Quantity
1.4.3.5 E-waste Recycling
1.4.3.6 What Can We Do About E-waste
1.4.4 Radioactive Waste
1.4.4.1 Definition and Sources
1.4.4.2 Form and Half-Life
1.4.4.3 Radioactive Waste Management
1.4.5 Litter
1.4.6 Scrap Tyre
1.4.6.1 Introduction
1.4.6.2 Quantity
1.4.6.3 Tyre Recycling
1.4.7 Solid Waste from Air and Water Pollution Controls
1.5 Functional Elements of a Waste Management System
1.5.1 Onsite Handling and Storage
1.5.2 Waste Collection
1.5.3 Pneumatic Waste Conveyance System (PWCS)
1.5.4 Transfer Station
1.5.5 Waste Processing and Recovery
1.5.6 Composting
1.5.6.1 Basic Composting
1.5.6.2 On-Site Composting
1.5.6.3 Vermicomposting
1.5.6.4 Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting
1.5.6.5 Aerated Static Pile Composting
1.5.6.6 In-Vessel Composting
1.5.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
1.5.8 Final Disposal by Landfilling
1.5.8.1 Introduction
1.5.8.2 Landfills in the World
1.5.8.3 Categories of Landfill
1.5.8.4 Landfill Leachate and Its Treatment
1.5.8.5 Design, Operation, and Challenges for Landfilling
1.6 Integrated Solid Waste Management
1.7 Legislative Aspects of Solid Waste
1.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Glossary
Chapter 2: Legislation for Solid Waste Management
2.1 Introduction to Solid Waste Management Legislation
2.1.1 Highlights of the Scope and Focus of the Chapter
2.1.2 The Trends of Waste Management Controls
2.1.2.1 Sources Reduction
2.1.2.2 Reuse of Existing Materials
2.1.2.3 Recycling and Composting
2.1.2.4 Regeneration of Resources
2.1.2.5 Refining and Disposal
2.1.3 Movement of Legislation to Eliminate Waste
2.2 Solid Waste Management Legislation Overview
2.2.1 Identify the Types of Solid Waste and the Specific Legislation
2.2.2 The Solid Waste Management Legislation Overview
2.3 Implementation of Solid Waste Legislation Act
2.4 Introductory to Solid Waste Legislation Enforcement Act
2.5 United States of America
2.5.1 Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965) and Resource Recovery Act (1970)
2.5.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980), Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments (1980), Used Oil Recycling Act (1980), and Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (19
2.5.3 Continuous US Legislation for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
2.5.4 Clean Air Act (1970) Related to Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
2.5.5 Clean Water Act (1972) and Water Quality Act (1987) Related to Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
2.5.6 Toxic Substances Control Act (1976) Related to Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
2.5.7 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) Related to Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
2.6 Europe
2.6.1 Waste Framework Directive (75/442/1975)
2.6.2 Landfill of Waste Directive 1999
2.6.3 Directive 2008/98/EC (2008)
2.6.4 Directive 2006/12/EC (2006)
2.6.5 Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006
2.7 Japan
2.7.1 Urgent Measures Law on Capacity Increasing of Waste Management Facilities 1963
2.7.2 Air Pollution Control Law 1968
2.7.3 Water Pollution Control 1970
2.8 Korea
2.8.1 Waste Management Act (1986)
2.8.2 Act on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1994)
2.8.3 Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources
2.8.4 Guidelines on the Reduction of Industrial Wastes (2001)
2.9 Malaysia
2.9.1 Overview of Malaysian Legal Framework in Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
2.9.2 Local Government Act (Act 171) 1976
2.9.3 Town and Country Planning Act (Act 127) 1976
2.9.4 Environmental Quality Act (Act 127) 1974
2.9.5 Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974
2.9.6 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007
2.9.7 Overview of Institutional Framework in ISWM
2.9.8 National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD)
2.9.9 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWPCMC)
2.9.10 Private Waste Manager
2.9.11 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
2.10 The Issues and Effect of Legislation Towards Waste Reduction
2.11 Improvement in Future of Solid Waste Legislation
2.12 Conclusion
References
Glossary
Chapter 3: Waste Transportation and Transfer Station
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Collection of Municipal Solid Waste
3.3 Waste Transportation
3.3.1 The Importance of Solid Waste Transportation
3.3.2 Role of Waste Transportation
3.3.3 Selecting the Waste Transport
3.3.4 Type of Waste Transportation Vehicle
3.3.4.1 Small Vehicles
3.3.4.2 Non-compaction vehicle
3.3.4.3 Semi-Compaction Vehicle
3.3.4.4 Full-Compaction Vehicle
3.3.5 A Pneumatic Waste Transportation System
3.3.6 Waste Transportation System
3.3.6.1 Hauled Container Mode
3.3.6.2 Stationary Container Mode
3.3.7 Waste Transportation Routes
3.3.7.1 Introduction
3.3.7.2 Factors for Routing Planning
3.4 Transfer Station
3.4.1 Role of Transfer Station
3.4.2 Planning of Transfer Stations
3.4.2.1 Wastes Handled in Transfer Stations
3.4.2.2 Determination of Transfer Station Capacity
3.4.2.3 Location of Transfer Station
3.4.2.4 Siting of Transfer Station
3.4.3 Types of Transfer Station
3.4.3.1 Small and Medium Size
3.4.3.2 Large Size
3.4.4 Operating Systems at the Transfer Station
3.4.4.1 Open-Top Vehicle System
3.4.4.2 Surge-Pit System
3.4.4.3 Compaction System
3.4.4.4 Pre-compaction System
3.4.4.5 Balers System
3.4.4.6 Intermodal Container System
3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Transfer Station System
3.4.6 Types of Bulk Transportation
3.4.6.1 Road Transport
3.4.6.2 Rail Transport
3.4.6.3 Water Transport
3.5 Issues and Challenges of Waste Transportation
3.5.1 Constraint in Budget
3.5.2 Poor Operational Scheduling
3.5.3 Lack of Priority
3.5.4 Poor Road Network
3.5.5 Inadequate Technical Expertise
3.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Glossary
Chapter 4: Characterization and Measurement of Solid Waste
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Waste Quantity
4.1.2 MSW Source
4.1.3 Waste Generation Status
4.2 Waste Measurement
4.2.1 Landfill Infrastructure
4.2.2 Weighbridge
4.2.3 Waste Quantification
4.2.4 Composition by Identifiable Items
4.2.5 Moisture Content
4.2.6 Particle Size
4.2.7 Ash Content
4.2.8 Calorific Value
4.2.9 Elemental Analysis
4.2.10 Proximate Analysis
4.2.11 Heavy Metals in Waste
4.2.11.1 Measurement of Heavy Metal
4.3 Landfill Gas
4.3.1 Landfill Gas Collection
4.3.2 Measurement of Landfill Gas
4.4 Landfill Leachate Measurement
4.4.1 Leachate Flow
4.4.2 Hydrological System of the Landfill
4.4.3 Leachate Production and Water Budget
4.4.4 Leachate Flow and Transport Process
4.4.5 Quantification of Landfill Leachate Using the Mathematical Model
4.4.6 Leachate Plume
4.4.7 The Decomposition Process in Landfills
4.4.8 Characterization of Landfill Leachate
4.4.9 Leaching Procedure
4.4.10 Leaching Test
4.4.11 Available Tests
4.4.12 Methods of Leaching Tests
4.4.13 Risk Analysis
4.4.14 Applications and Limitations
4.4.15 Analytical Procedures for Landfill Leachate
4.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Glossary
Chapter 5: Mechanical Volume Reduction
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General Description
5.1.2 Mechanical Volume Reduction
5.2 Size Reduction by Shredding Process
5.2.1 Dry Processes
5.2.1.1 Hammer Mills
5.2.1.2 Chipper
5.2.1.3 Von Roll Bulky Waste Shear
5.2.1.4 Ball Mill Machine
5.2.2 Wet Processes
5.2.2.1 Hydrapulper
5.2.2.2 Rasp mills
5.3 Size Reduction by Compaction Process
5.3.1 Compaction Technology
5.4 Size Reduction by Baling Process
5.4.1 Baling Process
5.4.2 Baling Technology
5.5 Application On-Site
5.5.1 Collection and Transfer Station
5.5.2 Waste Processing and Treatment
5.5.3 Disposal
5.5.4 Renewable Energy Program
5.6 Operation and Maintenance
5.7 Concluding Remark
References
Glossary
Chapter 6: Combustion and Incineration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Plant
6.2.1 Background
6.2.2 Waste Delivery, Bunker, and Feeding System
6.2.3 Furnace System
6.2.3.1 Travelling Grate
6.2.3.2 Double Motion Overthrust Grate
6.2.3.3 Reciprocating Grate
6.2.3.4 Reverse Acting Reciprocating Grate
6.2.3.5 Rocking Grate
6.2.3.6 Roller Grate
6.2.3.7 Incineration Chamber
6.2.4 Enclosure
6.2.5 Heat Recovery Systems
6.2.6 Gas Cleaning System
6.2.7 Residue Processing and Disposal
6.3 Other Types of Incinerators
6.3.1 Fluidised Bed-Type Incinerators
6.3.2 Gasification Melting Furnace
6.3.3 Rotary Kilns
6.3.4 Plasma Technologies
6.3.4.1 Argon Plasma Arc
6.3.4.2 Inductively Coupled Radio Frequency (ICRF) Plasma
6.3.4.3 Alternating Current (AC) Plasma
6.3.4.4 CO2 Plasma Arc
6.3.4.5 Microwave Plasma
6.3.4.6 Nitrogen Plasma Arc
6.4 Incineration Process
6.4.1 Fundamental Relationships
6.4.1.1 Gas Laws
6.4.1.2 Material Balances
6.4.1.3 Heat Balances
6.4.1.4 Equilibrium
6.4.1.5 Kinetics
Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
Kinetics of Soot Oxidation
6.4.2 Thermal Decomposition (Pyrolysis)
6.4.2.1 Pyrolysis Time
6.4.2.2 Pyrolysis Product
6.4.2.3 Decomposition Kinetics
6.4.3 Mass Burning
6.4.4 Suspension Burning
6.5 Economics of Incineration
6.6 Case Studies on Incineration Process
6.6.1 Clean Plaza (Yokote City, Japan) [23]
6.6.2 Joetsu Clean Center, Japan [23]
6.6.3 MSW in Phuket, Thailand [23]
6.7 An Approach to Design
6.7.1 Characterise the Waste
6.7.2 Lay Out the System in Blocks
6.7.3 Establish Performance Objectives
6.7.4 Develop Heat and Material Balances
6.7.5 Develop Incinerator Envelope
6.7.6 Evaluate Incinerator Dynamics
6.7.7 Develop the Designs of Auxiliary Equipment
6.7.8 Review Heat and Material Balances
6.7.9 Build and Operate
References
Chapter 7: Composting Processes for Disposal of Municipal and Agricultural Solid Wastes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History of Composting
7.3 Microbiology of the Composting Process
7.4 Factors Influencing the Composting Process
7.4.1 Temperature
7.4.2 Moisture Content
7.4.3 C:N Ratio
7.4.4 pH Level
7.4.5 Aeration Requirement and Turning Mechanism
7.4.6 Particle Size
7.4.7 Seeding
7.5 Classification of Composting Systems
7.5.1 Oxygen Requirement
7.5.1.1 Aerobic System
7.5.1.2 Anaerobic System
7.5.2 Temperature
7.5.3 Technological Approaches
7.5.3.1 Open On-Site Composting
7.5.3.2 Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting
7.5.3.3 Aerated Static Pile Composting
7.5.3.4 Enclosed or Mechanical Composting (In-Vessel Composting)
7.5.3.5 Vermicomposting
7.5.3.6 Thermophilic Composting
7.5.3.7 Two-Stage In-Bin Composting System
7.5.4 Operational Mode
7.5.5 Raw Materials
7.5.6 Operating Methods
7.6 Design Approaches
7.6.1 General Approach
7.6.2 Pretreatment
7.6.3 Digestion
7.6.3.1 Batch Operations
7.6.3.2 Continuous-Flow Operations
Open-Pit Digestions
Enclosed Digesters
7.6.4 Curing
7.6.5 Finishing or Upgrading
7.6.6 Storage
7.6.7 Design Considerations of a Complete Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting System
7.6.7.1 Description of the Composting System Under Consideration
7.6.7.2 Preparation
7.6.7.3 Composting or Digestion
7.6.7.4 Curing
7.6.7.5 Finishing and Screening
7.6.7.6 Recycle of Woodchips and Production of Compost
7.6.8 Design Considerations of a Complete Aerated Static Pile Composting System
7.6.8.1 Description of the Composting System Under Consideration
7.6.8.2 Preparation
7.6.8.3 Digestion
7.6.8.4 Drying and Screening
7.6.8.5 Curing
7.6.8.6 Finishing
7.6.9 Design Considerations of a Complete Two-Stage In-Bin Composting System
7.6.9.1 Description of the Composting System Under Consideration
7.6.9.2 Preparation and Mixing
7.6.9.3 First-Stage Composting or Digestion
7.6.9.4 Secondary Stage Composting or Digestion
7.6.9.5 Curing
7.6.9.6 Finishing
7.7 Process Control
7.8 Pathogen Survival
7.9 Cost Considerations
7.10 Compost Stability and Maturity
7.10.1 Compost Stability and Maturity Testing Methods
7.10.1.1 Physical Methods
7.10.1.2 Biological Methods
7.10.1.3 Chemical Methods
7.11 Marketing of Composts
7.12 Compost Utilization
7.12.1 Erosion Control, Turf Remediation, and Landscaping
7.12.2 Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention
7.12.3 Disease Control for Plants and Pest Control
7.12.4 Reforestation and Wetland Restoration
7.12.5 Soil Amendment and Renewable Energy via Compost Pelletization
7.13 Selected Composting Case Studies Around the World
7.13.1 Case Study 1: The Takakura Composting Method (Surabaya, Indonesia)
7.13.2 Case Study 2: Botarell Composting Scheme (Tarragona, Spain)
7.13.3 Case Study 3: St. Oedenrode Composting Scheme (Netherlands)
7.13.4 Case Study 4: Castle-Morpeth Composting Scheme (England)
7.13.5 Case Study 5: Dodge County Transfer and MSW Compost Facility (Minnesota)
7.13.6 Case Study 6: Rapid City Composting Facility (South Dakota, USA)
7.13.7 Case Study 7: Disposal of Dead Animals, Poultry, or Fish by Two-Stage In-Bin Composting System (Illinois, Maryland, Arkansas, and Indiana)
7.13.7.1 Needs and Legal Requirements for Disposal of Dead Animals, Poultry, or Fish
7.13.7.2 Design Considerations of a Two-Stage In-Bin Composting System
7.13.8 Design Example of a Two-Stage In-Bin Composting System
7.14 Summary
Glossary
References
Chapter 8: Sanitary Landfill Operation and Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Landfills
8.2.1 Landfill in Sanitary Conditions
8.2.1.1 Anaerobic Landfill
8.2.1.2 Semi-aerobic Sanitary Landfill
8.2.1.3 Landfill with Aerobic Properties
8.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Composition
8.3 Landfill Decomposition Process
8.3.1 Aerobic Phase
8.3.2 Anaerobic Phase
8.3.3 Phase of Acid Formation
8.3.4 Methanogenic Phase
8.3.5 Phase of Maturation
8.4 Management of Sanitary Landfills
8.4.1 Management of Landfill Leachate
8.4.1.1 Composition of Landfill Leachate
8.4.1.2 Leachate Management in Landfills
8.4.2 Landfill Gas Management
8.4.2.1 Collection of Landfill Gas
8.4.2.2 Landfill Gas Treatment
8.4.2.3 Landfill Gas Use
8.4.2.4 Disposal of Gas
8.5 Operations of Sanitary Landfill
8.5.1 Types of Waste Disposed
8.5.2 Equipment
8.5.3 Waste Disposal
8.5.4 Compaction
8.5.5 Fences and Temporary Roads
8.6 Monitoring of Sanitary Landfills
8.6.1 Monitoring of Leachate and Groundwater
8.6.2 Monitoring of Air and Gaseous Emissions
8.6.3 Temperature Measurement
8.6.4 Monitoring the Settlement
8.6.5 Control of Stormwater and Sediment
8.6.6 Monitoring of Noise
8.6.7 Monitoring of Odor
8.6.8 Fire Surveillance
8.6.9 Control of Litter and Vectors
8.6.10 Bird Management
8.7 Landfill Safety, Health, and Security
8.8 Landfill Impacts
8.9 Final Remarks
References
Glossary
Chapter 9: Solid Waste Systems Planning
9.1 Introduction to Solid Waste Systems
9.2 Solid Waste Systems Planning Process
9.2.1 Initial Planning Process: Background of Planning Area
9.2.2 Situation Analysis: Existing Solid Waste Management Conditions
9.2.3 Issues Identification: Problem Definition and Future Conditions
9.2.4 Involvement of Implementation Entities
9.2.5 System Design: Approaches and Alternative Actions
9.2.6 Action Plan Development: Recommendations for the Solutions
9.2.7 Plan Revision and Evaluation
9.2.8 Endorsement
9.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
9.3.1 Source of Waste
9.3.2 Composition of Waste
9.3.3 Solid Waste Storage Facilities
9.3.4 Solid Waste Collection: Primary and Secondary
9.3.5 Solid Waste Transportation
9.3.6 Waste Processing, Disposal, and Recycling
9.3.7 Financial Aspects
9.3.8 Tools and Manpower
9.4 Managing and Sustaining SWM Plan Implementation
9.4.1 Solid Waste Policy Guideline
9.4.2 Strategy of Solid Waste System
9.4.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
9.4.4 Implementation Schedule
9.5 Strategic Planning of Solid Waste Technology
9.5.1 Environmental Requirement
9.5.2 Socio-Economic Value
9.5.3 Technical Implementation
9.5.4 Technology Procurement
9.5.5 Partnership
9.6 Factors Influencing Solid Waste Systems Planning
9.7 A Case Study: Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Adoption of Solid Waste System (SWS) Technology for Sustainable Development in Malaysia
9.8 Conclusion
References
Glossary
Chapter 10: Practices of Solid Waste Processing and Disposal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solid Waste Composition, Characterization, and Generation
10.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
10.2.2 Solid Waste from Food
10.2.3 Solid Waste Calorific Value
10.2.4 E-Waste
10.3 Solid Waste Generating Issues Affect MSW Disposal
10.4 Solid Waste Processing and Treatment Prior Disposal
10.4.1 Bioconversion Technology for MSW
10.4.2 Thermal Conversion Technology for MSW
10.5 Incinerator
10.6 Disposal of Solid Waste
10.6.1 Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
10.6.2 Disposal of Plastics Waste
10.6.3 Solid Waste Management Issues in Rural Communities in Developing Countries
10.7 Disposal of Solid Waste to Landfill
10.7.1 Landfill Operation
10.7.2 Importance of Waste Placement and Daily Cover
10.7.3 Sanitary Landfill Operation
10.7.4 Safety and Security
10.7.5 Environmental Issue Due to Landfill
10.7.6 The Benefits of Landfill Mining
10.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11: Landfilling and Its Environmental Impacts
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact of Landfilling on Soil and Plants
11.2.1 Impact of Landfill Leachate on Soil and Plants
11.2.2 Presence of Heavy Metals in Plants
11.2.3 Impact of Landfill Gas on Soil and Plants
11.3 The Impact of Landfill Leachate on Water Sources
11.3.1 Factors Affecting Groundwater Contamination
11.3.2 The Impact of Open Landfill (Dumpsite) on the Quality of Surface Water in Sri Lanka (Case Study)
11.4 The Impact of Landfill Gas on Air Quality
11.4.1 Landfill Gas Generation and Characteristics
11.4.2 Impact of Landfill Gas on Human Health
11.4.3 Impact of Landfill Gas on Air Quality
11.4.4 Evaluation of Odorous VOCs from a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site (Case Study)
11.5 Toxicological Risk Assessment of Landfill Leachate
11.5.1 Approaches for the Evaluation of Landfill Leachate Toxicity
11.6 Methodologies for the Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Landfills
11.6.1 Human Health Risk Assessment
11.6.2 Hazard Identification
11.6.2.1 Exposure Assessment
11.6.2.2 Dose-Response
11.6.3 Water Quality Index
11.6.4 Heavy Metal Pollution Index
11.6.5 Heavy Metal Evaluation Index
11.7 Conclusions
References
Glossary
Index