Preface
Chapter 1
Photodynamic Therapies: Basic Mechanism, Applications and Functional Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. History
1.2. Basis of PDT Therapy
1.2.1. Mechanisms of PDT Action
1.2.2. Biological Response
1.2.2.1. Apoptosis and Necrosis
1.2.2.2. Vascular Mechanisms
1.2.2.3. Immunological Mechanism
1.2.3. Photosensitizers
1.2.3.1. Porphyrin Photosensitizers
1.2.3.2. Nor-Porphyrin Photosensitizers
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of PDT
2. Applications of Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer. 3. Functional Nanomaterials-Based Drug Delivery System3.1. Organic Nanomaterials for PDT
3.1.1. Liposome
3.1.2. Polymeric Nanomaterials
3.1.3. Carbon Nanomaterials
3.2. Inorganic Nanomaterials
3.2.1. Gold Nanoparticles
3.2.2. Silica Nanoparticles
3.2.3. Quantum Dots (QDs)
3.2.4. Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs)
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 2
Carbon Based Nanomaterials as Agents for Photodynamic Therapy
Abstract
Introduction
Electronic Structure of Ground and Excited States of Oxygen Molecule
ROS Production: Type I and Type II. Photosensitizers: Structure, Properties and DrawbacksFullerenes and Their Derivatives in PDT
Carbon Nanotubes and Derivatives for PDT
Properties of CNTs
Carbon Nanotube as a PS Agent
Carbon Nanotubes as a Carrier of PDT Agent
Graphene Quantum Dots for PDT
Bare and Doped GQDs in PDT
GQDs in Conjunction with Other Compounds for PDT
Other Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for PDT
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Chemi- and Bioluminescence in Self-Illuminating Photodynamic Therapy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General Mechanism of Chemi- and Bioluminescence. 3. Mechanisms of the Systems Already Studied for Photodynamic Therapy3.1. Luminol Reaction
3.2. Firefly Luciferin Reaction
3.3. Coelenterazine Reaction
4. Application of Chemi- and Bioluminescence to Photodynamic Therapy
4.1. Firefly Luciferin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
4.2. Coelenterazine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
4.3. Luminol-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
5. Pitfalls of Chemi-/Bioluminescence-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
6. Other Strategies for Deep Photodynamic Therapy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. The Synthesis and Characterization of Novel 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (Benzo[B]Thiophene) Porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (7-Sulfonatobenzo[B]Thiophene) Porphyrin as Photodynamic Therapy Agents against Human Breast Cancer CellsAbstract
Introduction
Mechanism of PDT Action
Properties of Photosensitizers
Synthesis of Photosensitizers
Synthesis of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis-(benzo[b]thiophene) Porphyrin (BTP)
Synthesis of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(7-sulfonatobenzo[b]-thiophene) Porphyrin (SBTP)
Photophysical Properties of BTP and SBTP
Liposome Formation of BTP
Characterization of Liposome-BTP.