Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contents by Genre
Thematic Table of Contents
Preface
Part I Composing: An Overview
Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process
Reading for Writing
James Joyce, Eveline
Who Are My Readers?
Analyze the Audience
Why Am I Writing?
Reasons for Writing
What Ideas Should I Use?
Reading and Thinking Critically
Discovering and Developing Ideas
Self-Questioning
Directed Freewriting
Problem Solving
Sample Student Prewriting: Directed Freewriting
Clustering
What Point Should I Make?
Sample Student Prewriting: Clustering
Relating a Part to the Whole
Finding the Theme
Stating the Thesis
Chapter 2 The Writing Process
How Should I Organize My Ideas?
Arguing Your Interpretation
The Elements of Good Argument
Building an Effective Argument
Arranging the Ideas
Developing with Details
Questions for Consideration
Maintaining a Critical Focus
Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details
How Should I Begin?
Postpone If Nothing Comes
Write an Appealing Opening
State the Thesis
How Should I End?
Relate the Discussion to Theme
Postpone or Write Ahead
Write an Emphatic Final Sentence
Composing the First Draft
Pausing to Rescan
Quoting from Your Sources
Sample Student Paper: First Draft
Chapter 3 Writing a Convincing Argument
Interpreting and Arguing
Identifying Issues
Making Claims
Using Evidence
Using Reasoning
Answering Opposing Views
Organizing Your Argument
Using the Inductive Approach
Making a Counterargument
Arguing through Comparison
Sample Student Paper: An Argument
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
Chapter 4 The Rewriting Process
What Is Revision?
Getting Feedback: Peer Review
Revising in Peer Groups
What Should I Add or Take Out?
Outlining After the First Draft
Making the Outline
Checking the Outline
Sample Student Work: After-Writing Outline
Examining the Sample Outline
What Should I Rearrange?
Does It Flow?
What Is Editing?
Combining for Conciseness
Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety
Varying the Pattern
Which Words Should I Change?
Check Your Verbs
Use Active Voice Most of the Time
Use Passive Voice If Appropriate
Feel the Words
Attend to Tone
Use Formal Language
What Is Proofreading?
Try Reading It Backward
Look for Your Typical Errors
Read the Paper Aloud
Find a Friend to Help
Sample Student Paper: Final Draft
Chapter 5 Researched Writing
Using Library Sources in Your Writing
Conducting Your Research
Locating Sources
Using the Online Catalog
Using Indexes and Databases
Using the Internet
Evaluating Online Sources
Using Reference Works in Print
Working with Sources
Taking Notes
Using a Research Notebook
Using the Printout/Photocopy Option
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
Sample Student Entry in a Divided-Page Notebook
Devising a Working Outline
Writing a First Draft
Organizing Your Notes
Using Quotations and Paraphrases
Integrating Sources
Block Quotations
Quoting from Primary Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
Rewriting and Editing
Documenting Your Sources
Revising the Draft
Formatting Your Paper
Sample Student Paper in MLA Style
Sample Published Article
Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style
In-Text Citations
Preparing the List of Works Cited
Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited
Citing Print Publications
Citing Online Publications
Citing Other Common Sources
Part II Writing About Short Fiction
Chapter 6 How Do I Read Short Fiction?
Notice the Structure
Consider Point of View and Setting
Study the Characters
Foils
Look for Specialized Literary Techniques
Examine the Title
Investigate the Author’s Life and Times
Continue Questioning to Discover Theme
Chapter 7 Writing About Structure
What Is Structure?
How Do I Discover Structure?
Looking at Structure
Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Relating Details to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Integrating Quotations Gracefully
Chapter 8 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism
What Are Images?
What Are Symbols?
Archetypal Symbols
Phallic and Yonic Symbols
How Will I Recognize Symbols?
Reference Works on Symbols
Looking at Images and Symbols
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Interpreting Symbols
Writing
Producing a Workable Thesis
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Sharpening the Introduction
Sample Student Paper on Symbolism: Second and Final Drafts
Chapter 9 Writing About Point of View
What Is Point of View?
Describing Point of View
Looking at Point of View
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Relating Point of View to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Techniques for Sharpening the Conclusion
Chapter 10 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere
What Are Setting and Atmosphere?
Looking at Setting and Atmosphere
Tobias Wolff, Hunters in the Snow
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Discovering an Organization
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Checking Your Organization
Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences
Chapter 11 Writing About Theme
What Is Theme?
Looking at Theme
Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Choosing Supporting Details
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Achieving Coherence
Editing
Repeat Words and Synonyms
Try Parallel Structure
Chapter 12 Critical Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
The Story’s Origins
Four Critical Interpretations
Topics for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Chapter 13 Anthology of Short Fiction
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
Sarah Orne Jewett, A White Heron
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
James Joyce, Araby
Katherine Anne Porter, The Grave
Zora Neale Hurston, “Spunk
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
Arna Bontemps, A Summer Tragedy
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing
Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables
Rosario Morales, The Day It Happened
Raymond Carver, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
T. Coraghessan Boyle, The Love of My Life
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible
Chapter 14 A Portfolio of Science Fiction Stories
Ray Bradbury, There Will Come Soft Rains
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Octavia E. Butler, Speech Sounds
MultiModal Project
Sample Student Paper: Comparing Dystopias
Chapter 15 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Stories
H. H. Munro (“Saki”), The Open Window
John Updike, A & P
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Ron Hansen, My Kid’s Dog
MultiModal Project
Chapter 16 A Portfolio of Stories about Singular Women
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Katherine Min, Secondhand World
MultiModal Project
Part Iii
Part III Writing About Poetry
Chapter 17 How Do I Read Poetry?
Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase
Make Associations for Meaning
Chapter 18 Writing About Persona and Tone
Who Is Speaking?
What Is Tone?
Recognizing Verbal Irony
Describing Tone
Looking at Persona and Tone
Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
W. D. Ehrhart, Sins of the Father
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Asking Questions About the Speaker in “My Papa’s Waltz”
Devising a Thesis
Developing a Thesis
Formulating a Thesis
Writing
Explicating and Analyzing
Ideas For Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Editing
Quoting Poetry in Essays
Sample Student Paper: Persona and Tone
Analyzing the Student’s Reflection
Chapter 19 Writing About Poetic Language
What Do the Words Suggest?
Connotation and Denotation
Figures of Speech
Metaphor and Simile
Personification
Imagery
Symbol
Paradox
Oxymoron
Looking at Poetic Language
Mary Oliver, August
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Hayden Carruth, In the Long Hall
Donald Hall, My Son My Executioner
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Comparing and Contrasting
Ideas For Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting: Style
Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms
Sample Student Paper: Poetic Language
Chapter 20 Writing About Poetic Form
What Are the Forms of Poetry?
Rhythm and Rhyme
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance
Stanzas: Closed and Open Forms
Poetic Syntax
Visual Poetry
Looking at the Forms of Poetry
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
Billy Collins, Sonnet
David Shumate, A Hundred Years from Now
Roger McGough, 40-----Love
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Relating Form to Meaning
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Expressive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting: Style
Finding the Exact Word
Sample Student Paper on Poetic Form
Sample Published Essay: Poetic Form
Chapter 21 Critical Casebook: The Poetry of Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Mother to Son
The Weary Blues
Saturday Night
Harlem (A Dream Deferred)
Theme for English B
Critical Commentaries
Arnold Rampersad, “On the Persona in ‘The Negro Speaks of Rivers’ ”
Margaret Larkin, “A Poet for the People”
Karen Jackson Ford, “Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity”
Peter Townsend, “Jazz and Langston Hughes’s Poetry”
Langston Hughes, “Harlem Rent Parties”
Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Chapter 22 The Art of Poetry
Poetic Interpretations of Art
Lisel Mueller, American Literature
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
Samuel Yellen, Nighthawks
Susan Ludvigson, Inventing My Parents
Peter Brueghel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts
Paolo Uccello, St. George and the Dragon
U. A. Fanthorpe, Not My Best Side
Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
Henri Matisse, The Red Studio
W. D. Snodgrass, Matisse: ‘The Red Studio’
Kitagawa Utamaro, Two Women Fixing Their Hair
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness
The Art of Poetry
Questions for Discussion
Poetry and Art: Ideas for Writing
MultiModal Project
Sample Student Paper: Reflection on Poetry and Art
Making Connections
Chapter 23 Anthology of Poetry
Thomas Wyatt, They Flee from Me
William Shakespeare
When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes
Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold
My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
John Donne
Death, Be Not Proud
The Flea
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
William Blake
The Lamb
The Tyger
The Sick Rose
William Wordsworth
The World Is Too Much with Us
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Walt Whitman
When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer
Song of Myself (Section 11)
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Emily Dickinson
Faith Is a Fine Invention
I’m Nobody! Who Are You?
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense
Because I Could Not Stop for Death
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church
Wild Nights—Wild Nights!
Christina Rossetti, In an Artist’s Studio
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Pied Beauty
Spring and Fall
A. E. Housman
To an Athlete Dying Young
Loveliest of Trees
William Butler Yeats
The Second Coming
Sailing to Byzantium
Edgar Lee Masters
Lucinda Matlock
Margaret Fuller Slack
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
Robert Frost
Mending Wall
Birches
”Out, Out—”
Fire and Ice
Design
Carl Sandburg
Fog
Chicago
Mina Loy, Moreover, the Moon
William Carlos Williams
Danse Russe
The Red Wheelbarrow
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Edna St. Vincent Millay
Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word
First Fig
E. E. Cummings
in Just-
pity this busy monster,manunkind
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
Karl Shapiro, Auto Wreck
Octavio Paz, The Street
Dudley Randall
Ballad of Birmingham
To the Mercy Killers
William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
James Dickey, The Leap
Lisel Mueller, Losing My Sight
Maxine Kumin, Woodchucks
Frank O’Hara, Having a Coke with You
David Wagoner, The Escaped Gorilla
Anne Sexton, You All Know the Story of the Other Woman
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Ruth Fainlight, Flower Feet
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll
Sharon Olds
Sex Without Love
The Death of Marilyn Monroe
Edward Hirsch, Execution
Jimmy Santiago Baca, There Are Black
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Latin Women Pray
Cornelius Eady, The Supremes
Martín Espada, Bully
Chapter 24 Paired Poems for Comparison
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Gabriel Spera, My Ex-Husband
Walt Whitman, Of the Terrible Doubt of Appearances
Tony Hoagland, Romantic Moment
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
George Bilgere, Like Riding a Bicycle
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters
Katha Pollitt, The Old Neighbors
Chapter 25 A Portfolio of Poems About Work
Jean Toomer, Reapers
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player
Marge Piercy, To Be of Use
Alberto Ríos, In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did
Dorianne Laux, What I Wouldn’t Do
Lynn Powell, Acceptance Speech
Stephen Cushman, Beside the Point
Nancy A. Henry, People Who Take Care
MultiModal Project
Chapter 26 A Portfolio of War Poetry
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars
Stephen Crane, War Is Kind
Amy Lowell, Patterns
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady
Peg Lauber, Six National Guardsmen Blown Up Together
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
MultiModal Project
Chapter 27 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Poetry
Linda Pastan, Marks
Ron Koertge, Cinderella’s Diary
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Andrea Carlisle, Emily Dickinson’s To-Do List
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
Jan Beatty, A Waitress’s Instructions on Tipping or Get the Cash Up and Don’t Waste My Time
Jeanne Marie Beaumont, Afraid So
Peter Pereira, Reconsidering the Seven
MultiModal Project
Part IV Writing About Drama
Chapter 28 How Do I Read a Play?
Listen to the Lines
Visualize the Scene
Envision the Action
Drama on Film
Chapter 29 Writing About Dramatic Structure
What Is Dramatic Structure?
Looking at Dramatic Structure
Sophocles, Antigone
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis
Quoting from a Play
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Avoiding Unclear Language
Sample Student Paper
Chapter 30 Writing About Character
What Is the Modern Hero?
The Classical Tragic Hero
The Modern Tragic Hero
Looking at the Modern Hero
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
The Writing Process
Prewriting
Writing
Choosing a Structure
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Reflective Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Rewriting
Developing Paragraphs Specifically
Chapter 31 Critical Casebook: The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda
Eight Critical Interpretations
Burton Rasco, Review of The Glass Menagerie
Durant Da Ponte, “Tennessee Williams’ Gallery of Feminine Characters”
Joseph K. Davis, “Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind”
Marc Robinson, “Amanda”
C. W. E. Bigsby, “Entering The Glass Menagerie”
Chris Jones, “A Domestic Drama of Dashed Dreams”
Charles Isherwood, “Gritty Polish for a Tennessee Williams Jewel”
Ben Brantley, “The Shape of Memory, Both Fragile and Fierce”
Responding to the Critics
Ideas for Researched Writing
MultiModal Project
Chapter 32 Anthology of Drama
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House
Chapter 33 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Plays
Jane Martin, Beauty
David Ives, Sure Thing
MultiModal Project
Part V Critical Approaches to Literature
Chapter 34 Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature
Literary Criticism
Formalism
Historical Approaches
Biographical
Cultural
Marxist
Psychological Approaches
Mythological and Archetypal Approaches
Gender Focus
Reader Response
Deconstruction
Intertextual Approaches
Where Do You Stand?
Chapter 35 Critical Casebook: Writing About Culture and Identity
What Is Cultural Analysis?
Short Stories
Kate Chopin, Désirée’s Baby
Sherwood Anderson, Hands
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path
Andre Dubus, The Fat Girl
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
Sandra Cisneros, Geraldo No Last Name
Celeste Ng, How To Be Chinese
Poetry
William Blake, London
Claude McKay, America
Countee Cullen, Incident
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire
Gina Valdés, My Mother Sews Blouses
Gregory Djanikian, Immigrant Picnic
Essex Hemphill, Commitments
Richard Blanco, América
Drama
Alice Childress, Florence
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos
The Writing Process
Prewriting: Exploring Cultural Themes
Ideas for Writing: Making Connections
MultiModal Projects
Glossary Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems
Subject Index
Resources for Reading and Interpreting Literature