Cover
Half Title
Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Theranostic Applications
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Dedication
Editorsβ biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section A. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for therapeutic applications
1. Functionalized graphene nanomaterials: Next-generation nanomedicine
1. Introduction
2. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs)
2.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.2 Fullerene
2.3 Carbon dots
2.4 Carbon nanohorns
2.5 Carbon nanofibers
2.6 Nanodiamonds and nanoporous carbon
3. Graphene and its derivatives
3.1 Graphene oxide
3.2 Reduced graphene oxide
3.3 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)
4. Functionalization of graphene
4.1 Covalent functionalization
4.2 Noncovalent functionalization
5. Properties of graphene
6. Application of graphene in targeted cancer theragnostics
7. Future prospect
References
2. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials: Fabrication, properties and potential applications
1. Fabrication of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
1.1 Functionalization of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
1.2 Graphene
1.2.1 Top-down approaches
1.2.2 Bottom-up approaches
1.3 Carbon nanotubes
1.3.1 Laser ablation
1.4 Carbon/graphene quantum dots
1.4.1 Top-down approaches
1.4.2 Bottom-up approaches
1.5 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
2. Properties of FCNMs
2.1 Functionalization of CNMs
2.1.1 Graphene modification
2.1.2 Functionalization of GO
2.1.3 Modification of CNTs
2.1.4 Functionalization of CDs
3. Theragnostic and biomedical applications
3.1 Energy storage and energy conversion
3.2 Gas storage
3.3 Coating
3.4 Filtration
References
3. Application of functionalized carbon nanomaterials in therapeutic formulations
1. Introduction
2. Carbon dots
2.1 Carbon dots as bioimaging probes
2.2 Carbon dots as drug delivery agents
3. Carbon nanohorns
3.1 Carbon nanohorns as bioimaging probes
3.2 Carbon nanohorns as drug delivery agents
4. Carbon nanotubes
4.1 Carbon nanotubes as bioimaging probes
4.2 Carbon nanotubes as drug delivery agents
5. Conclusion and future perspective
References
Section B. Fundamentals and functionalization of CNTs and other carbon nanomaterials
4. Fundamentals and functionalization of CNTs and other carbon nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Carbon nanotubes
3. Graphene
4. Fullerenes
5. Carbon nanofibers
6. Synthesis of different carbon nanomaterials
6.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
6.1.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
6.2 Synthesis of graphene
6.3 Synthesis of fullerene
6.4 Synthesis of carbon nanofibers
7. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials
7.1 Functionalization of carbon nanotubes
7.1.1 Covalent functionalization
7.1.2 Noncovalent functionalization
7.1.3 Direct side-wall functionalization
7.1.4 Endohedral functionalization
7.1.5 Exohedral functionalization
7.1.6 Advancements in functionalization of CNTs
7.2 Functionalization of graphene nanomaterials
7.3 Functionalization of CNFs
8. Important organizations, companies, and research groups working on functionalization of CNTs
9. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Carbon nanomaterials: Fundamentals, functionalization, and applications
1. Introduvtion
2. General characteristics of carbon nanomaterials
2.1 Insights into different carbon nanomaterials
2.1.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.1.2 Fullerenes
2.1.3 Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)
2.1.4 Graphene
3. Synthesis of various carbon nanomaterials
3.1 Carbon nanotubes
3.2 Fullerenes
3.3 Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)
4. Strategies for functionalization
4.1 Covalent functionalization (chemical method)
4.2 Noncovalent functionalization (physical method)
4.2.1 Noncovalent functionalization by aromatic compounds
4.2.2 Noncovalent functionalization by polymers
4.3 Alternative routes for functionalization
5. Applications of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
6. Conclusion and future outlook
Important websites
References
6. Carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanomaterials: Prospects for functionation
1. CNTs bases
2. Synthesis of CNTs
2.1 Arc discharge method
2.2 Laser ablation (LA)
2.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
2.4 Green methods
3. Carbon nanotubes functionalization
3.1 Covalent functionalization
3.1.1 Oxidation functionalization
3.1.2 Plasma treatment
3.1.3 Covalent functionalization approach
3.1.4 Polymer grafting of CNTs
3.1.5 Biomolecules
3.2 Noncovalent functionalization
3.2.1 Conjugated aromatic polymers
3.2.2 Polyaromatic molecules
3.2.3 Water soluble polymers
3.2.4 Surfactants
3.2.5 Biomolecules
4. Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs)/CNTs nanohybrids
4.1 Synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs)/CNTs nanohybrids
5. Graphene-based materials (GBMs)
5.1 Graphite
5.2 Graphene
5.3 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)
5.3.1 Covalent functionalization approach
5.3.2 Noncovalent functionalization approach
5.4 Graphene oxide (GO)
5.4.1 Covalent functionalization of GO
5.4.2 Noncovalent functionalization of GO
5.5 Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
6. Metal nanoparticles (NPs)/graphene nanohybrids
7. Graphene and CNT hybrid nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites
References
7. Carbon nanotubes and their biomedical applications
1. Introduction
2. Antimicrobial applications
3. Drug delivery and therapy
4. Tissue engineering and neural regeneration
5. Gene delivery
6. Imaging and diagnosis
7. Biosensors
Acknowledgment
References
8. Molecular interaction modeling of carbon nanotubes and fullerene toward prioritized targets of SARS-CoV-2 by computer-aided screening and docking studies
1. Introduction
2. Overview of COVID-19
3. Overview of SARS-CoV-2
4. Current therapies, vaccines, and limitations
5. Need for an immediate therapeutic strategiesβRole of computational biology
6. Overview of computer-aided drug discovery (CADD)
7. Major drug targets of COVID-19
8. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials as potential lead molecules
9. Carbon nano fullerene and carbon nanotubes
10. Drug likeliness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity features of carbon fullerene and nanotube
11. Application of carbon nanotubes and carbon fullerene toward various viral infections
12. Binding potential of carbon nanotubes and nano fullerene toward SARS-CoV-2 targets
13. Limitations of functionalized carbon nanomaterials as therapeutic agents
14. Future perspectives
15. Conclusion
References
9. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes: Fundamentals, strategies, and tuning of properties
1. Introduction
2. Functionalization of CNTs
2.1 Covalent functionalization
2.2 Noncovalent functionalization
3. Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Section C. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis, drug delivery, and stem cell therapy
10. The advances in functionalized carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery
1. Introduction
2. Functionalized carbon materials for diagnostic purposes
2.1 Graphene and graphene oxides (GOs)
2.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.3 Fullerenes
2.4 Carbon black (CBs)
2.5 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
2.6 Carbon dots (CDs)
3. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery applications
3.1 Drug-loading capacity and sustainable release of FCNMs
3.2 Cell uptake, penetration, and targeting of drug-loaded FCNMs
3.3 Stimuli-responsive FCNMs as drug carriers
3.4 Toxicity of FCNMs as drug carriers
3.5 Clearance pathways of drug carrier FCNMs
4. FCNMs for stem cells therapy
4.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for stem cell therapy
4.2 Graphene oxide (GO) for stem cell therapy
4.3 Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for stem cell therapy
5. Conclusion
References
11. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis, drug delivery, and stem cell therapy
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. CNTs for drug delivery
2.1 Need for functionalizing CNTs
2.2 Functionalized CNTs (fCNTs) for drug delivery
3. FCNMs for cancer treatment
3.1 CNMs used for cancer treatment
3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
3.1.2 Carbon nanohorns (CNHs)
3.1.3 Graphene nanosheets (GR)
3.1.4 Fullerenes (C60)
3.1.5 Carbon quantum dots (CDs)
3.1.6 Carbon nanodiamonds
3.2 FCNM applications in cancer theranostics
4. CNTs in stem cell therapy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 f-MWCNTs promoting bone development and stem cell growth
4.3 Applications of CNTs in stem cell therapy research
4.4 CNTs for stem cell differentiation
4.4.1 Osteogenic differentiation
4.4.2 Neural differentiation
4.4.3 Cardiac differentiation
4.5 Toxicity of CNTs
4.6 Conclusions
5. Summary and conclusion
References
Further reading
12. Carbon-based nanomaterials: Potential therapeutic applications
1. Introduction
2. Types of carbon-based nanomaterials
2.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.2 Graphene
2.3 Fullerenes
2.4 Nanomaterials made of carbon and other carbon-based materials
3. Carbon nanomaterials as drug carriers
3.1 Carbon nanotubes for drug delivery
3.2 Quantum dots and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) for drug delivery
3.3 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) for cancer therapy
3.4 Graphene oxide for drug delivery
3.5 Carbon nanohorns for drug delivery
4. Toxicological assessment
5. Future prospective and conclusion
References
13. Carbon nanomaterial-based nanocrystals for dental applications
1. Introduction
2. Materials for nanodentistry
2.1 Nanofibers
2.2 Nanopores
2.3 Nanocrystals
2.4 Nanowires
2.5 Nanorod
2.6 Nanoring
2.7 Nanobelt
2.8 Nanoclusters
2.9 Nanoshells
2.10 Nanospheres
3. Nanotechnology approaches
3.1 Top-down approach
3.2 Bottom-up approach
3.3 Biomimetic approach
3.4 Functional approach
4. Applications
4.1 Endodontics
4.2 Orthodontics
4.3 Periodontics
4.4 Prosthodontics
4.5 Dentifrices
5. Future trends
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
14. Application of carbon and metal-based nanomaterials in modern health care systems
1. Introduction
1.1 Synthesis of metal nanocrystals
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of metal nanocrystals
2. Types of metal nanocrystals
2.1 Nonmagnetic nanocrystals
2.1.1 Gold nanocrystals (AuNCs)
2.1.2 Silver nanocrystals (AgNCs)
2.1.3 Copper nanocrystals (CuNCs)
2.1.4 Zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnONCs)
2.1.5 Platinum nanocrystals (PtNCs)
2.2 Magnetic nanocrystals
2.2.1 Iron-based nanocrystals (FeNCs)
2.2.2 Cobalt-based nanocrystals (CoNCs)
2.2.3 Nickel-based nanocrystals
3. Metal nanocrystals in modern healthcare systems
3.1 Drug delivery
3.2 Cancer therapy
3.3 Biosensors
3.4 DNA labeling
3.5 Wound healing
3.6 Dental and bone healing
4. Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
15. Modified carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis, drug delivery and stem cell therapy
1. Introduction
2. Types of CNTs
3. Characterization of carbon nanotubes
3.1 Biocompatibility of CNTs
4. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials in diagnostics
4.1 Magnetic resonance imaging
4.2 Biosensors
4.3 Ultrasound
4.4 Radiography
5. Use of CNTs in drug delivery
5.1 CNTs in targeted drug delivery
5.2 CNTs in antibody-mediated drug delivery
6. Development in carbon-based nanomaterials for use in vaccines
6.1 Carbon-based nano delivery systems
6.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes in vaccines
7. The role of CNTs in stem cell therapy
7.1 Nanodiamonds (NDs)
7.2 Graphene-based nanomaterials
7.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
7.4 Scaffolds in CNTS
8. Conclusion
References
Section D. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for biomedical imaging for diagnostics
16. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for biomedical imaging
1. Introduction
1.1 Carbon nanomaterials
1.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials
1.3 Graphene
1.4 Carbon nanotubes
1.5 Quantum carbon dots
1.6 Fullerene
2. Characterization of carbon nanomaterials
2.1 Microscopy and diffraction techniques
2.2 Electron microscopy
2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
2.5 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
2.6 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
2.7 Diffraction techniques
2.8 Neutral diffraction (ND)
2.9 X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique
2.10 Spectroscopic methods
2.11 Raman spectroscopy
2.12 Infrared (IR) and Fourier transform-IR (FT-IR) spectroscopy
2.13 Ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectroscopy
2.14 Fluorescence spectroscopy
2.15 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
2.16 Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
2.17 Thermal techniques
2.18 Thermogravimetric analysis
2.19 Separation techniques
2.20 Ultracentrifugation (UC)
2.21 Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
2.22 Capillary electrophoresis (CE)
2.23 Field flow fractionization (FFF)
2.24 Other characterization techniques
2.24.1 Grazing incidence single angle X-ray scattering
2.24.2 X-ray absorption near-edge structural elucidation
2.24.3 Boehm titration
2.24.4 Chemical derivatization (CD)
3. Applications of drug-loaded carbon nanomaterials for imaging
3.1 Biosensors
3.2 Carbon nanotube biosensors
3.3 Graphene oxide as a biosensor
3.4 Fullerenes
3.5 Carbon quantum dots as biosensors
3.6 Fluorescence imaging and therapy
3.7 Magnetic resonance imaging and therapy
3.8 Raman imaging and therapy
3.9 Photoacoustic imaging and therapy (PA)
3.10 Radionuclide imaging and therapy
3.11 Multimodel imaging and therapy
4. Carbon nanomaterial-based bioimaging using animal imaging system
4.1 Oncological bioimaging and radiopharmacy
4.2 Nanoplatform-based cardiovascular imaging
4.3 Neurological disorders bioimaging models
4.4 Pulmonary bioimaging models
4.5 Hepatic bioimaging models
4.6 Biopharmaceutical analysis imaging models
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
17. Current advancement and development of functionalized carbon nanomaterials for biomedical therapy
1. Introduction
2. Effectiveness of carbon nanomaterials in biomedical therapy
3. Carbon nanotubes
4. Carbon nanofibers
5. Nanodiamonds
6. Carbon dots
7. Graphene
8. Fullerenes
References
Section E. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for bio-barcodes for clinical tests
18. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes: A multifaceted and upcoming diagnostic tool in the clinical domain
1. Introduction
2. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.1 Structure and types of CNTs
2.2 Synthesis techniques for carbon nanotubes
3. Need for functionalization of carbon nanotubes
4. Functionalization techniques used in carbon nanotubes
4.1 Covalent functionalization
4.2 Noncovalent functionalization
5. Biomedical applications of FCNTs
5.1 Drug delivery
5.2 Cancer therapy
6. Diverse applications of functionalized CNTs in diagnostics
6.1 Biosensing technology
6.2 Bioimaging technology
7. Concluding remarks and future outlook
Important websites
References
Section F. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for point-of-care applications
19. Innovative progress in functionalized carbon nanomaterials, their hybrids, and nanocomposites: Fabrication, antibacterial, biomedical, bioactivity, and biosensor applications
1. Introduction
2. Biomedical utilization of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
3. Antibacterial utilization of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
4. Biosensor utilization of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
5. Bioactivity utilization of functionalized carbon nanomaterials
6. Conclusions and future research directions
A number of important websites
Acknowledgments
References
Section G. Regulatory and toxicological perspectives of carbon nanomaterials
20. Regulatory and toxicological perspectives of carbon nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Classification of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs)
2.1 Fullerenes
2.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.3 Graphene (GRA)
3. Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials
4. Toxicity investigations for carbon nanomaterials
5. Ecotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials
6. Issues and research needs in carbon nanomaterial toxicology
6.1 Necessity for detailed material characterization
6.2 Necessity for methods to track nanomaterials in biomaterials investigations
7. Biodegradation of carbon nanomaterials
7.1 CNT biodegradation
7.2 Graphene biodegradation
7.3 Fullerene (C60) biodegradation
8. Conclusion
References
21. Perspectives for the toxicological and biodegradation field of carbonaceous nanomaterials and their hybrids
1. Introduction
2. Different kinds of carbon nanomaterials
2.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.2 Fullerene
2.3 Graphene
2.4 Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs)
2.5 Carbon black
3. Effect of CNTs on biological cells
4. Effect of fullerene on biological cells
5. Effect of graphene on biological cells
6. Effect of carbon-based QDs on biological cells
7. Effect of carbon black on biological cells
8. Biodegradation of carbon nanomaterials
9. Conclusions
10. Important websites about the topic
Acknowledgments
References
Section H. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials (FCNMs)βA green and sustainable vision
22. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials (FCNMs): Green and sustainable vision
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental characteristics of carbon nanomaterials
3. Advantages of functionalized carbon nanomaterials (FCNMs) over conventional materials
4. Green and sustainable strategies for the functionalization of various carbon nanomaterials
4.1 Carbon nanotubes
4.1.1 Covalent functionalization
4.1.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.2.1 Covalent functionalization
4.2.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.2 Graphene
4.2.1 Covalent functionalization
4.2.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.3 Fullerenes
4.3.1 Covalent functionalization
4.3.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.4 Carbon onions
4.4.1 Covalent functionalization
4.4.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.5 Nanodiamond
4.5.1 Covalent functionalization
4.5.2 Noncovalent functionalization
4.6 Carbon dots
4.6.1 Heteroatom doping
4.6.2 Surface modification
5. Applications of functionalized carbon nanomaterials (FCNMs) for a sustainable future
5.1 Sensing applications
5.2 Energy harvesting and storage applications
5.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries
5.2.2 Supercapacitors
5.3 Biomedical applications
6. Conclusion and future prospects
Important websites
References
Index