Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

✍ Scribed by Muhammad Ikram, Ali Haider, Sawaira Moeen, Junaid Haider

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 126
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book delves into the incredible potential of carbon-based nanomaterials to solve critical ecological problems. Over the last few decades, substantial research has been conducted on the design and development of advanced nanomaterials for efficient energy storage, wastewater treatment, and antibacterial activities. Carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention owing to their intriguing physicochemical properties and broad range of promising applications. Learn how these innovative materials are transforming our planet for improvements in areas as diverse as pollution management, purging water, and renewable energy. In this book, the authors briefly introduce the classification of carbon-based materials followed by describing in detail the various synthetic methods classified in two categories, i.e., bottom-up methods and top-down methods. After introducing the synthesis, environmental applications including water purification, air purification, and energy storage and antibacterial activity are explained. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this promising research area are also proposed. In the current book, carbon-based nanomaterials are addressed in aim for sufficient energy production, wastewater treatment, and as an antibacterial agent. In Chapters 1 and 2, the authors overview the introduction and classifications of carbon-based nanomaterials with its fabrication process. In the next section, the authors review the water purification applications and improvement in the dye degradation activity of carbon-based materials including doping, increasing surface area, and many others. Chapter 4 covers the air purification and energy applications of carbon-based materials along with their experimental and theoretical studies. Moreover, the next chapter explores carbon-based materials for antibacterial activity. This book is specially designed for research purposes and helps the beginners, post-graduate students, and experienced researchers who are working on carbon-based materials and their applications. The book sheds critical light on the ways in which these materials might help make the world a better, more sustainable place.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Carbon-Based Materials
1.2 Classification of Carbon-Based Materials
1.2.1 Graphene
1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.3 Carbon Fibers
1.2.4 Carbon Spheres
1.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
References
2 Synthesis Protocol
2.1 Synthesis of Graphene
2.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
2.1.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation
2.1.3 Preparation of Gr by Chemical Oxidation–Reduction
2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
2.1.5 Epitaxial Growth (SiC Heating)
2.1.6 Unzipping of CNTs
2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
2.2.1 Electric Arc Discharge Method
2.2.2 Laser Ablation
2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
2.2.4 Electrolysis
2.3 Synthesis of Carbon Fibers
2.3.1 Catalytic Thermal CVD
2.3.2 Electrospinning
2.4 Carbon Spheres
2.4.1 Hard-Templating Strategy
2.4.2 Soft-Templating Strategy
2.4.3 Template-Free Strategy
2.5 Preparation of g-C3N4
References
3 Dye Degradation Application
3.1 Water, A Basic Need
3.2 Water Pollution
3.3 Techniques for Water Treatment
3.4 Physical Methods
3.4.1 Adsorption
3.4.2 Membrane Filtration
3.4.3 Coagulation
3.5 Chemical Methods
3.5.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes
3.6 Biological Method
3.6.1 Aerobic Processes
3.7 Influencing Factors for Wastewater Treatment
3.7.1 Temperature
3.7.2 Ionic Strength
3.7.3 Natural Organic Matter
3.7.4 pH
References
4 Photocatalytic Application
4.1 Photocatalysis
4.2 Various Mechanisms of Photocatalysis
4.2.1 Conventional Mechanism
4.2.2 Advanced Mechanism
4.2.3 Z-Scheme Mechanism
4.3 Photodegradation Rate-Affecting Parameters
4.3.1 Irradiation Time
4.3.2 UV Light Intensity
4.3.3 Pollutant Type and Concentration
4.3.4 Effect of pH of the Medium
4.3.5 Effect of Reaction Temperature
4.4 Methods for Improving the Photocatalytic Efficacy
4.4.1 Metal Doping
4.4.2 Non-metal Doping
4.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalysts
4.5.1 0D CBMS Photocatalysts
4.5.2 1D CBMs Photocatalysts
4.5.3 2D CBNMs Photocatalysts
References
5 Antibacterial Application
5.1 Physical/Mechanical Destruction
5.2 Oxidative Stress
5.2.1 ROS-Dependent Oxidative Stress
5.2.2 ROS-Independent Oxidative Stress
5.3 Photothermal Effect
References
6 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
6.1 Challenges
6.2 Suggestions