Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction and Brief History
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Discovery of Carbon Allotropes
1.3 Classification of Carbon Allotropes
1.3.1 Classification Based on Availability
1.3.2 Classification Based on Crystallinity
1.3.3 Classification Based on Dimensionality
1.3.4 Classification Based on Valence Orbital Hybridization
1.4 Cancer: Introduction
1.4.1 Cancer: Worldwide Mortality
1.4.2 Cancer Therapies: Current Scenario and Emergence of Cancer Nanomedicine
1.4.3 Cancer Nanomedicine: Recent Progress and Challenges
References
2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Introduction, Structure, Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties
2.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
2.1.1 Graphene
2.1.2 Multi-layer Graphitic Nanosheets (MLGs)
2.1.3 Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs)
2.1.4 Graphene Oxide
2.1.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
2.1.6 Graphene Quantum Dots
References
3 Physicochemical Properties and Toxicity Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Covalent Interactions
3.3 Non-covalent Interactions
3.4 Modification and Their Implications
3.4.1 Extrinsic Modification
3.4.2 Intrinsic Modification
3.5 Toxicity Issues
References
4 Graphene Nanomaterials for Multi-modal Bioimaging and Diagnosis of Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Origin of Fluorescence
4.3 Light-Based Imaging
4.3.1 In Vitro Bioimaging
4.3.2 In Vivo Bioimaging
4.4 Contrast-Based Imaging
4.4.1 X-Ray Imaging
4.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.4.3 Radionuclide-Based Imaging
4.5 Raman Spectra-Based Imaging
References
5 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Payload Delivery
5.2.1 High-Molecular Weight Cargoes
5.2.2 Low-Molecular Weight Cargoes
5.3 Hyperthermia-Based Therapy
5.4 Photodynamic Therapy
5.5 Biosensing of Cancer Biomarkers
References
6 Outlook, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
6.1 Reproducibility of the Product
6.2 Broad Distribution of Nanomaterials
6.3 Limited Clinical Trial Studies
6.4 Commercialization
References