Abstract
Background.
Although cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis, the effects of tumor suppressors on COX‐2 gene expression and the combined antitumor effects of tumor suppressors and COX‐2 inhibitors have rarely been investigated.
Methods.
The effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer on COX‐2 expression by adenoviral vector and the combined effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and COX‐2 inhibitor exposure on the proliferation of cancer cells were investigated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines.
Results.
Overexpression of p53 markedly downregulated the transcription of COX‐2, but the overexpression of p27 did not affect COX‐2 levels in HNSCC cell lines. The combined antitumor effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and of a COX‐2 inhibitor (NS 398) were mainly at least additive in terms of the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest and additive in terms of apoptotic induction.
Conclusions.
These results suggest that the overexpression of p53 could exert antitumor effects, at least in part, through the suppression of COX‐2 gene expression, whereas growth suppression by the overexpression of p27 probably occurs by mechanisms other than the downregulation of COX‐2 expression. In addition, the administration of COX‐2 inhibitors, as an adjunct to p53 or p27 gene therapy, could offer a new strategy of cancer treatment and prevention. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 706–715, 2004