Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and Optimization

✍ Scribed by Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Tao Xu

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 204
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Microfluidics-based biochips combine electronics with biochemistry, providing access to new application areas in a wide variety of fields. Continued technological innovations are essential to assuring the future role of these chips in functional diversification in biotech, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Revolutionary guidance on design, optimization, and testing of low-cost, disposable biochips Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and Optimization comprehensively covers the appropriate design tools and in-system automation methods that will help users adapt to new technology and progress in chip design and manufacturing. Based on results from several Duke University research projects on design automation for biochips, this book uses real-life bioassays as examples to lay out an automated design flow for creating microfluidic biochips. It also develops solutions to the unique problems associated with that process. Highlights the design of the protein crystallization chip to illustrate the benefits of automated design flowIn addition to covering automated design, the authors provide a detailed methodology for the testing, use, and optimization of robust, cost-efficient, manufacturable digital microfluidic systems used in protein crystallization and other areas. The invaluable tools and practices presented here will help readers to: Address optimization problems related to layout, synthesis, droplet routing, and testing for digital microfluidic biochips Make routing-aware, architectural-level design choices and defect-tolerant physical design decisions simultaneously Achieve the optimization goal, which includes minimizing time-to-response, chip area, and test complexity Effectively deal with practical issues such as defects, fabrication cost, physical constraints, and application-driven design The authors present specialized pin-constrained design techniques for making biochips with a focus on cost and disposability. They also discuss chip testing to ensure dependability, which is key to optimizing safety-critical applications such as point-of-care medical diagnostics, on-chip DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. This book is an optimal reference for academic and industrial researchers in the areas of digital microfluidic biochips and electronic design automation.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
1. Introduction......Page 15
1.1 Digital Microfluidic Technology......Page 18
1.2 Synthesis, Testing, and Pin-Constrained Design Techniques......Page 20
1.3 Protein Crystallization......Page 25
1.4 Book Outline......Page 27
References......Page 29
2.1 Background......Page 33
2.2 Routing-Aware Synthesis......Page 34
2.2.1 Droplet-Routability Estimation......Page 35
2.2.2 Routing Time Cost and Assay Completion Time......Page 37
2.3.1 Postsynthesis Defect Tolerance......Page 38
2.3.2 Presynthesis Defect Tolerance......Page 39
2.4 Simulation Results......Page 41
2.4.1 Results for Routing-Aware Synthesis......Page 43
2.4.2 Results for Postsynthesis Defect Tolerance......Page 46
2.4.3 Results for Presynthesis Defect Tolerance......Page 47
2.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions......Page 50
References......Page 51
3.1.1 Impact of Droplet Interference and Electrode-Addressing Problem......Page 57
3.1.2 Array Partitioning and Pin-Assignment Methods......Page 61
3.1.3 Pin-Assignment Algorithm......Page 64
3.1.4 Application to Multiplexed Bioassay......Page 67
3.2.1 Cross-Referencing Addressing......Page 69
3.2.2 Power-Efficient Interference-Free Droplet Manipulation Based on Destination-Cell Categorization......Page 71
3.2.3 Scheduling of Routing for Efficient Grouping......Page 76
3.2.5 Simulation Results......Page 80
3.3.1 "Don't-Cares" in Electrode-Actuation Sequences......Page 88
3.3.2 Optimization Based on Clique Partitioning in Graphs......Page 90
3.3.4 Experimental Results......Page 92
3.4 Chapter Summary and Conclusions......Page 99
References......Page 100
4.1 Parallel Scan-Like Test......Page 105
4.1.1 Off-Line Test and Diagnosis......Page 109
4.1.2 Online Parallel Scan-Like Test......Page 114
4.2.1 Incorrectly Classified Defects......Page 115
4.2.2 Untestable Sites......Page 116
4.3.2 Probabilistic Analysis......Page 118
4.3.3 Occurrence Probability of Untestable Sites......Page 120
4.4 Application to a Fabricated Biochip......Page 122
4.5 Functional Test......Page 124
4.5.1 Dispensing Test......Page 126
4.5.2 Routing Test and Capacitive Sensing Test......Page 127
4.5.3 Mixing and Splitting Test......Page 128
4.5.4 Application to Pin-Constrained Chip Design......Page 132
4.6 Experimental and Simulation Results......Page 137
4.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusions......Page 142
References......Page 143
5.1 Testability of a Digital Microfluidic Biochip......Page 149
5.2.1 Design Method......Page 152
5.2.2 Euler-Path-Based Functional Test Method for Irregular Chip Layouts......Page 154
5.3 Simulation Results......Page 155
5.3.1 Multiplexed Assay......Page 156
5.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)......Page 157
References......Page 160
6.1 Chip Design and Optimization......Page 165
6.1.1 Pin-Constrained Chip Design......Page 166
6.1.2 Shuttle-Passenger-Like Well-Loading Algorithm......Page 171
6.1.3 Chip Testing......Page 173
6.1.4 Defect Tolerance......Page 175
6.1.4 Evaluation of Well-Loading Algorithm and Defect Tolerance......Page 178
6.2 Automated Solution Preparation......Page 179
6.2.1 Efficient Solution-Preparation Planning Algorithm......Page 180
6.3 Chapter Summary and Conclusions......Page 187
References......Page 188
7.1 Book Contributions......Page 193
7.2 Future Work......Page 194
7.2.1 Synthesis Based on Physical Constraints......Page 195
7.2.2 Control-Path Design and Synthesis......Page 197
References......Page 200