Design Thinking Research: Innovation – Insight – Then and Now (Understanding Innovation)

✍ Scribed by Christoph Meinel (editor), Larry Leifer (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 415
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Extensive research conducted at the Hasso Plattner Design Thinking Research Program at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, USA, and at the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam, Germany, has yielded valuable insights on why and how design thinking works. The participating researchers have identified metrics, developed models, and conducted studies, which are featured in this book and in the previous volumes of this series.

This volume provides readers with tools to bridge the gap between research and practice in design thinking, together with a range of real-world examples. Several different approaches to design thinking are presented, while acquired frameworks are employed to understand team dynamics in design thinking. The contributing authors introduce readers to new approaches and fields of application and show how design thinking can tap the potential of digital technologies in a human-centered way. The book also presents new ideas on neuro-design from Stanford University and the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam, inviting readers to consider newly developed methods and how these insights can be applied to different domains. Design thinking can be learned. It has a methodology that can be observed across multiple settings. Accordingly, readers can adopt new frameworks to modify and update their current practices.

The research outcomes gathered here are intended to inform and provide inspiration for all those seeking to drive innovation – be they experienced design thinkers or newcomers. It is the last in a series of 14 volumes published over the past 14 years, reflecting the successes of the HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program. Many thanks to the Hasso Plattner Foundation for its valued support.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
Introduction/Roadmap
1 Fourteen Years of the HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program
2 HPDTRP: First Year 2008/2009
3 HPDTRP: Second Year 2009/2010
4 HPDTRP: Third Year 2010/2011
5 HPDTRP: Fourth Year 2011/2012
6 HPDTRP: Fifth Year 2012/2013
7 HPDTRP: Sixth Year 2013/2014
8 HPDTRP: Seventh Year 2014/2015
9 HPDTRP: Eighth Year 2015/2016
10 HPDTRP: Ninth Year 2016/2017
11 HPDTRP: Tenth Year 2017/2018
12 HPDTRP: Eleventh Year 2018/2019
13 HPDTRP: Twelfth Year 2019/2020
14 HPDTRP: Thirteenth Year 2020/2021
15 HPDTRP: Fourteenth Year 2021/2022-The Recent Volume
16 Design Thinking Today Around the World
References
Decades of Alumni: Perspectives on the Impact of Project-Based Learning on Career Pathways and Implications for Design Educati...
1 Introduction
2 Underlying Theoretical Frameworks
2.1 Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
2.2 Academic-Workplace Relational (AWR) Model
3 Context for the Four Interview Studies
3.1 ME 218 and ME 310: Similarities and Differences
3.2 ME 218 and ME 310 Interpreted Against the Relational Model
3.3 Similarities in the Career Paths of ME 218 and ME 310
4 Four Interview-Based Studies of ME 218 and ME 310 Graduates
4.1 Graduates Active in Innovation, Nada Elfiki
4.2 Graduates Who Are Founders, Timo Bunk
4.3 Graduates Who Are Engineering Team Leaders, Johannes J.L. Lamprecht
4.4 Graduates Who Choose Not to Become Founders, Katharina Prantl
4.5 Researcher Impact
5 Discussion and Next Steps
References
Part 1: Application of Design Thinking to Governance and Social Causes
Predicting Creativity and Innovation in Society: The Importance of Places, the Importance of Governance
1 The ``Place´´ Factor in Creativity and Innovation
2 A Four-Leaf Clover Model of Innovation
3 Key Tasks in Innovation Governance: Advancing Desirable Developments, Protecting Against Risks
4 A Case Study on the Impact of Governance: Genetic Engineering in European Agriculture
5 The TYPE Method to Estimate Product Developments in a Place Without Regulation
6 Introducing the Computational Process Model of Invention to Calculate Key Figures of Innovation Potential in a Region
6.1 Calculating the Baseline Innovation Potential in Society
6.2 How Governance Can Impact the Innovation Potential in Society
7 Governance Interventions that Impede Creativity and Innovation
7.1 Prohibition
7.2 Administration
7.3 Legal Inertia
8 Governance Approaches to Encourage Creativity and Innovation
8.1 Measures to Increase Lifetime Years
8.2 Measures to Increase the Availability and Use of Tools
8.3 Measures to Increase the Project Success Probability
8.4 Measures to Reduce the Innovation Resistance
9 Conclusion and Outlook
References
An Exploration of Agile Governance in Rwandan Public Service Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Digital Transformation and the Rise of Agile Governance in Public Organizations
2.2 Adoption of Agile Methods as a New Institutional Logic and Practice
3 Methodology
4 Data Collection and Analysis
5 Findings
5.1 Adaptive and Collaborative Management
5.2 Organizational Culture of Experimentation and Iteration
5.3 Citizen Orientation and Engagement
6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Voices from the Field: Exploring Connections Between Design Thinking Approaches and Sustainability Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Methods
3.1 Data Collection
3.2 Data Analysis
4 Findings
4.1 Design Thinking Is Participatory and People-Focused
4.2 Design Thinking Inspires Creativity
4.3 Design Thinking Encourages and Inspires Diversity in Thought and Action
4.4 Design Thinking Adopts a Holistic, Systems Thinking Mindset
4.5 Design Thinking Offers a Streamlined, Action-Oriented Approach
5 Discussion
6 Reflections and Conclusion
References
Part 2: Prototyping
User Perceptions of Privacy Interfaces in the Workplace
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Study Design
3.1 Research Questions
3.2 Privacy Interfaces
3.2.1 Scenario-Based Interface
3.2.2 Relationship-Based Interface
3.2.3 Socially Conscious Interface
3.2.4 Privacy Metrics Interface
3.3 Framing Scenarios
3.4 Survey Design
3.5 Participant Recruitment
4 Results
4.1 Participant Demographics
4.2 User Perceptions of Comfort and Control Across Interfaces
4.2.1 User Comfort
4.2.2 User Control
4.3 User Reactions to Privacy Metrics
4.3.1 Privacy-Preserving Noise
4.3.2 Anonymization Level
4.4 User Perceptions of Privacy Interface Features
5 Discussion
5.1 Limitations
6 Conclusion
Appendix
1. Framing Scenarios
1.1 Company-Oriented
1.2 Team-Oriented
1.3 Manager-Oriented (Positive)
1.4 Manager-Oriented (Negative)
1.5 Teammate-Oriented (Positive)
1.6 Teammate-Oriented (Negative)
References
Assisting Learning and Insight in Design Using Embodied Conversational Agents
1 Context and Human Need
2 Prior Work and Background
2.1 Design Is a Socio-Technical Process
2.2 Question-Asking in Design
2.3 Physically Embodying Materials
3 Research Approach
3.1 Research Questions
3.2 Hypotheses
3.3 Research Setting
3.4 Study Design
3.4.1 Conversational Vs. Non-conversational
3.4.2 Embodied Vs. Non-embodied
3.4.3 Designing a New Robot
3.5 Data, Measures, and Analysis
3.5.1 Physical Actions and Conversation
3.5.2 Robot Designs
3.5.3 Questionnaire
4 Preliminary Findings
4.1 Revisions Made while Piloting
4.1.1 Clarifying Conditions
4.1.2 Clarifying Instructions
4.2 Observations of Reflective Behavior
4.3 Observations of Robot Redesign
4.4 Questionnaire Responses
5 Moving Forward
References
How to Tame an Unpredictable Emergence? Design Strategies for a Live-Programming System
1 Introduction
2 Exploratory Workspace Everywhere
3 Exceptions: Error, Notification, Halt
4 Stop and Step: Code Simulation
5 Let the User Interrupt
6 Recursive Emergency
7 Reliable Watchdogs
8 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Enhancement through Design Thinking
What Is Design Thinking?
1 Introduction
2 Early Perspectives on Design Thinking
3 Design Thinking as
3.1 Design Thinking as a Methodology
3.1.1 Design Methods (Heuristic Strategies)
3.1.2 Today´s Design Thinking as a Methodology
3.1.3 Critique of the Methodology Perspective
3.2 Design Thinking as the Thinking of Designers
3.2.1 Design Cognition as Information-Processing
3.2.2 Abduction as Reasoning in Design
3.2.3 Design Thinking as Gestalt Creation
3.3 Practice-Based Design Thinking (Embodied Thinking)
3.3.1 Practice-Based Design Thinking as Variation-Selection
3.3.2 Practice-Based Design Thinking as Sensemaking
3.3.3 Practice-Based Comprehensive Design Thinking
4 Implication and Contribution
4.1 Implication for Research
4.2 Implications for Practice and Education
References
NeuroDesign: Greater than the Sum of Its Parts
1 Introduction
2 What Is NeuroDesign Research?
3 Opportunities and Challenges
3.1 Neuroscience and Design Research on Cognition in Design
3.1.1 Neuroscience of Design
3.1.2 Design Neurocognition
3.1.3 Pan-Disciplinary NeuroDesign
3.2 NeuroDesign to Advance Neurotechnology
3.3 Further Opportunities for NeuroDesign
4 Developing the Pan-Disciplinary Field of NeuroDesign
4.1 NeuroDesign Research
4.2 NeuroDesign Education and Practice
References
A Neuroscience Approach to Women Entrepreneurs´ Pitch Performance: Impact of Inter-Brain Synchrony on Investment Decisions
1 Introduction
2 fNIRS Hyperscanning to Understand Inter-Brain Mechanisms during Entrepreneur-Investor Pitches
3 Dynamic Inter-Brain Biomarkers of Pitch Performance
4 Methodology
4.1 Participants
4.2 Experimental Procedure
4.3 Experimental Tasks
4.4 Functional NIRS Hyperscanning Data Acquisition and Processing
4.5 Additional Assessments during the Experiment
4.6 Post-Experimental Assessments
5 Analytical Methods and Planned Research
References
Priming Activity to Increase Interpersonal Closeness, Inter-Brain Coherence, and Team Creativity Outcome
1 Introduction
2 DT Activity to Increase Interpersonal Closeness between Dyad Partners
3 Study Methodology to Assess the Efficacy of Need Sharing Activity
3.1 Participants
3.2 Experimental Procedure
3.3 Experimental Tasks
3.4 Neuroimaging with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
3.5 Interpersonal Closeness Measures
3.6 Post-Experimental Assessments
4 Study Results and Discussion
4.1 Conditions Were Matched on Individual Difference Variables
4.2 Activity Increases Interpersonal Closeness
4.3 Inter-Brain Coherence
4.4 Preliminary Performance Analysis in Subsequent Creative-Innovation Task
5 Conclusion
References
Design the Future with Emotion: Crucial Cultural Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Emotion and Design Research
2.2 Culture and Emotion in Design
3 Research Question and Hypothesis
4 Pilot Study
4.1 Method
4.1.1 Participants
4.1.2 Procedure
4.1.3 Measures
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Differences in Actual and Ideal Affect
4.2.2 Affect and Self-Reported Novelty and Usefulness of Ideas
4.3 Discussion
5 Main Study
5.1 Methods
5.1.1 Participants
5.1.2 Procedure
5.1.3 Measures
5.2 Results
5.2.1 Actual and Ideal Affect in Idea Generation
5.2.2 Self-Listed Feeling States during Idea Generation
5.2.3 Change in Affect across Different Stages of Idea Generation
5.2.4 Cultural Variations in Socially Engaging Emotion during Ideation
5.2.5 Other Dimensions of Affective Tendencies during Idea Generation
5.3 Discussion
6 General Discussion
6.1 Limitations
6.2 Implications
6.3 Future Direction
7 Conclusion
References
Part 4: Design Thinking Best Practices and Strategy
Opportunities and Limitations of Design Thinking as Strategic Approach for Navigating Digital Transformation in Organizations
1 Introduction
2 Research Question and Research Design
2.1 Research Design: Method Mix for a Practice-Oriented Action Research
3 Design Thinking for Digital Transformation Today
3.1 Our Perspective on Design Thinking
3.2 Our Perspective on Digital Transformation
4 A Theoretical Framework for Digital Transformation
4.1 The Process Framework: An Integrative Modular System for Ambidextrous Navigation
5 Design Thinking Opportunities and Implications for a Modular Digital Transformation Strategy Kit
6 Toward an Adaptive Digital Transformation Process Framework for Navigating Digital Transformation in Organizations
6.1 Case Study 1: From Siloed Best Quality Performer to Collaborative Knowledge Provider for Complex Need Systems (National Pu...
6.1.1 Transformation Process Phases
6.1.2 Results Human Level
6.1.3 Results Organizational System Level
6.2 Case Study 2: From IT as a Cost Factor to an Integrated Partnership for Organizational Future-Fitness European for-Profit ...
6.2.1 Results Organizational System Level
6.3 Case 3: Toward a Structured Yet Flexible Process for a Corporate Incubator-National for-Profit Organization Insurance Serv...
6.3.1 Transformation Process Phases
6.4 Lessons Learned from the Cases: Opportunities and Limitations of Design Thinking for Navigating Digital Transformation
6.5 Case Conclusion
7 Summary and Outlook: Design Thinking for the Digital Transformation´s Challenges of Tomorrow
References
Designing Innovation in the Digital Age: How to Maneuver around Digital Transformation Traps
1 Introduction
1.1 What Are the Biggest Traps for Organizations when Digitally Transforming?
2 Digital Transformation Activities and Explosions
2.1 Digital Transformation Activities
2.1.1 Status Quo: Dealing with Spaghettis and Silos
2.1.2 The Objective: Becoming Future-Ready
2.2 Organizational Explosions
2.2.1 Changing Decision Rights
2.2.2 Adopting New Ways of Working
2.2.3 Performing Organizational Surgery
2.2.4 Creating a Platform Mindset
3 Digital Transformation Traps
3.1 Recognition Traps
3.1.1 Biased Goal Setting
3.1.2 Biased Decision-Making
3.2 Assessment Traps
3.2.1 Underestimating Challenges and Complexity
3.2.2 Overestimating Opportunities and Capabilities
3.3 Reaction Traps
3.3.1 Inability to Change
3.3.2 Unwillingness to Change
3.4 Execution Traps
3.4.1 Internal Symptoms
3.4.2 External Symptoms
4 Application to Practice
4.1 Adopting New Ways of Working at a Financial Service Provider
4.2 Transformation Traps in the Case
5 Conclusion
References
Facets of Hybrid Education
1 Introduction
2 Forms of Asynchronicity in Hybrid Education
3 Two Main Challenges and Opportunities
3.1 Challenge 1: Fostering Fruitful Interactions
3.1.1 Creating Personal Connectedness
3.1.2 Ensuring Equality
3.2 Challenge 2: Flexibility and Structure
3.2.1 Creating Group Experiences
3.2.2 Enabling Random Encounters
3.2.3 Different Life Conditions
4 Conclusion
References
Design Thinking Transfer Gap: Differences Between Knowledge and Application of Design Thinking in the Organizational Environme...
1 Introduction
1.1 Theoretical Background and Research Questions
1.1.1 Organizational DT and DT Education
1.1.2 Education and Training Evaluation Research
1.2 DT Knowledge Vs. DT Application
1.3 The Expertise Factors
1.4 DT Practice as a Method, Process, and Mindset
2 Empirical Method
2.1 Sample and Procedure
2.2 Measures
2.2.1 Demographic and Organizational Data
2.2.2 DT Knowledge and DT Application
2.2.3 Employee vs. Company DT Practice as Methods, Process, and Mindset
2.3 Preliminary Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Descriptive Statistics
4 Discussion
4.1 Limitations and Future Research
4.2 Theoretical Implications
4.3 Practical Implications
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
A Genealogy of Designing as Performance
1 Introduction
2 Interview Opening: Why this Interview
3 Early Experience as an Artist and its Influence in Designing as Performance
4 The Impact of Media Translation on Designing
5 The Impact of Media on Small Team Interactions
6 The Center for Design Research and how it Impacted the Development of Designing as Performance
7 The Significance of the Notion of Performance in our Approach to Design Designing as Performance
8 The Role of Embodiment and Prototyping in Designing as Performance
9 The Elemental Patterns of Designing as Performance
10 Elaborating on Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap
11 The Role of Metaphors and Values in Designing as Performance
12 How Does Designing as Performance Address the Need for Value Creation?
13 Sketching in the Designing as Performance Process?
14 The Importance of Critique in the Designing as Performance Approach
15 The Key Learning Outcomes of the Designing as Performance Approach
16 The Role of Multimodality in Designing a Performance
17 The Envision Bootcamp and the Future Developments of Designing as Performance
18 Limitations and Future Research of Designing as Performance
18.1 The Dynamics among Engineers and Professionals
18.2 Designing Is Also Out There
18.3 Beyond a Human-Centered Approach to Designing
19 Conclusion
References