Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Nature of Fluids and the Study of Fluid Mechanics
The Big Picture
1.1 Learning Objectives
1.2 Basic Introductory Concepts
1.3 The International System of Units (SI)
1.4 The U.S. Customary System
1.5 Weight and Mass
1.6 Temperature
1.7 Consistent Units in an Equation
1.8 The Definition of Pressure
1.9 Compressibility
1.10 Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity
1.11 Surface Tension
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
2 Viscosity of Fluids
The Big Picture
2.1 Learning Objectives
2.2 Dynamic Viscosity
2.3 Kinematic Viscosity
2.4 Newtonian Fluids and Non-newtonian Fluids
2.5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
2.6 Viscosity Measurement
2.7 SAE Viscosity Grades
2.8 ISO Viscosity Grades
2.9 Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
3 Pressure Measurement
The Big Picture
3.1 Learning Objectives
3.2 Absolute and Gage Pressure
3.3 Relationship Between Pressure and Elevation
3.4 Development of the Pressure–Elevation Relation
3.5 Pascal’s Paradox
3.6 Manometers
3.7 Barometers
3.8 Pressure Expressed as the Height of a Column of Liquid
3.9 Pressure Gages and Transducers
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
4 Forces Due to Static Fluids
The Big Picture
4.1 Learning Objectives
4.2 Gases Under Pressure
4.3 Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids
4.4 Rectangular Walls
4.5 Submerged Plane Areas—General
4.6 Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas
4.7 Piezometric Head
4.8 Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface
4.9 Effect of a Pressure Above the Fluid Surface
4.10 Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It
4.11 Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
5 Buoyancy and Stability
The Big Picture
5.1 Learning Objectives
5.2 Buoyancy
5.3 Buoyancy Materials
5.4 Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies
5.5 Stability of Floating Bodies
5.6 Degree of Stability
Reference
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Stability Evaluation Projects
6 Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli’s Equation
The Big Picture
6.1 Learning Objectives
6.2 Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation
6.3 Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing
6.4 Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing
6.5 Conservation of Energy—Bernoulli’s Equation
6.6 Interpretation of Bernoulli’s Equation
6.7 Restrictions on Bernoulli’s Equation
6.8 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
6.9 Torricelli’s Theorem
6.10 Flow Due to a Falling Head
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Software Projects Using Bernoulli’s Equation and Torricelli’s Theorem
7 General Energy Equation
The Big Picture
7.1 Learning Objectives
7.2 Energy Losses and Additions
7.3 Nomenclature of Energy Losses and Additions
7.4 General Energy Equation
7.5 Power Required by Pumps
7.6 Power Delivered to Fluid Motors
Practice Problems
8 Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Energy Losses Due to Friction
The Big Picture
8.1 Learning Objectives
8.2 Reynolds Number
8.3 Critical Reynolds Numbers
8.4 Darcy’s Equation
8.5 Friction Loss in Laminar Flow
8.6 Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow
8.7 Use of Software for Pipe Flow Problems
8.8 Equations for the Friction Factor
8.9 Hazen–Williams Formula for Water Flow
8.10 Other Forms of the Hazen–Williams Formula
8.11 Nomograph for Solving the Hazen– Williams Formula
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
9 Velocity Profiles for Circular Sections and Flow in Noncircular Sections
The Big Picture
9.1 Learning Objectives
9.2 Velocity Profiles
9.3 Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow
9.4 Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow
9.5 Flow in Noncircular Sections
9.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
10 Minor Losses
The Big Picture
10.1 Learning Objectives
10.2 Resistance Coefficient
10.3 Sudden Enlargement
10.4 Exit Loss
10.5 Gradual Enlargement
10.6 Sudden Contraction
10.7 Gradual Contraction
10.8 Entrance Loss
10.9 Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings
10.10 Application of Standard Valves
10.11 Pipe Bends
10.12 Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves
10.13 Flow Coefficients for Valves Using Cv
10.14 Plastic Valves
10.15 Using PIPE-FLO Software for component Losses
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
11 Series Pipeline Systems
The Big Picture
11.1 Learning Objectives
11.2 Class I Systems
11.3 Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems
11.4 Class II Systems
11.5 Class III Systems
11.6 PIPE-FLO Examples for Series Pipeline Systems
11.7 Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
12 Parallel and Branching Pipeline Systems
The Big Picture
12.1 Learning Objectives
12.2 Systems with Two Branches
12.3 Parallel Pipeline Systems and Pressure Boundaries in Pipe-flo
12.4 Systems with Three or More Branches—Networks
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
13 Pump Selection and Application
The Big Picture
13.1 Learning Objectives
13.2 Parameters Involved in Pump Selection
13.3 Types of Pumps
13.4 Positive-Displacement Pumps
13.5 Kinetic Pumps
13.6 Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps
13.7 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps
13.8 Manufacturers’ Data for Centrifugal Pumps
13.9 Net Positive Suction Head
13.10 Suction Line Details
13.11 Discharge Line Details
13.12 The System Resistance Curve
13.13 Pump Selection and the Operating Point for the System
13.14 Using PIPE-FLO For Selection of Commercially Available Pumps
13.15 Alternate System Operating Modes
13.16 Pump Type Selection and Specific Speed
13.17 Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid Systems
13.18 Recommendations for Further Study
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Supplemental Problem (PIPE-FLO® only)
Design Problems
Design Problem Statements
Comprehensive Design Problem
14 Open-Channel Flow
The Big Picture
14.1 Learning Objectives
14.2 Classification of Open-Channel Flow
14.3 Hydraulic Radius and Reynolds Number in Open-channel Flow
14.4 Kinds of Open-channel Flow
14.5 Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels
14.6 The Geometry of Typical Open Channels
14.7 The Most Efficient Shapes for Open Channels
14.8 Critical Flow and Specific Energy
14.9 Hydraulic Jump
14.10 Open-channel Flow Measurement
References
Digital Publications
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
15 Flow Measurement
The Big Picture
15.1 Learning Objectives
15.2 Flowmeter Selection Factors
15.3 Variable-Head Meters
15.4 Variable-Area Meters
15.5 Turbine Flowmeter
15.6 Vortex Flowmeter
15.7 Magnetic Flowmeter
15.8 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
15.9 Positive-Displacement Meters
15.10 Mass Flow Measurement
15.11 Velocity Probes
15.12 Level Measurement
15.13 Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing
References
Internet Resources
Review Questions
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
16 Forces Due to Fluids in Motion
The Big Picture
16.1 Learning Objectives
16.2 Force Equation
16.3 Impulse–Momentum Equation
16.4 Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations
16.5 Forces on Stationary Objects
16.6 Forces on Bends in Pipelines
16.7 Forces on Moving Objects
Practice Problems
17 Drag and Lift
The Big Picture
17.1 Learning Objectives
17.2 Drag Force Equation
17.3 Pressure Drag
17.4 Drag Coefficient
17.5 Friction Drag on Spheres in Laminar Flow
17.6 Vehicle Drag
17.7 Compressibility Effects and Cavitation
17.8 Lift and Drag on Airfoils
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
18 Fans, Blowers, Compressors, and the Flow of Gases
The Big Picture
18.1 Learning Objectives
18.2 Gas Flow Rates and Pressures
18.3 Classification of Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
18.4 Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes
18.5 Flow of Air and Other Gases Through Nozzles
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Computer Application Assignments
19 Flow of Air in Ducts
The Big Picture
19.1 Learning Objectives
19.2 Energy Losses in Ducts
19.3 Duct Design
19.4 Energy Efficiency and Practical Considerations in Duct Design
References
Internet Resources
Practice Problems
Appendices
Appendix A Properties of Water
Appendix B Properties of Common Liquids
Appendix C Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils
Appendix D Variation of Viscosity with
Appendix E Properties of Air
Appendix F Dimensions of Steel Pipe
Appendix G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic
Appendix H Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing
Appendix I Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe
Appendix J Areas of Circles
Appendix K Conversion Factors
Appendix L Properties of Areas
Appendix M Properties of Solids
Appendix N Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases
Answers to Selected Problems
Index