Applied fluid mechanics

✍ Scribed by Mott, Robert L.; Untener, Joseph A

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2015
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 553
• Edition: Seventh edition
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Machine generated contents note: 1.The Nature of Fluids and the Study of Fluid Mechanics -- The Big Picture -- 1.1.Objectives -- 1.2.Basic Introductory Concepts -- 1.3.The International System of Units (SI) -- 1.4.The U.S. Customary System -- 1.5.Weight and Mass -- 1.6.Temperature -- 1.7.Consistent Units in an Equation -- 1.8.The Definition of Pressure -- 1.9.Compressibility -- 1.10.Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity -- 1.11.Surface Tension -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 2.Viscosity of Fluids -- The Big Picture -- 2.1.Objectives -- 2.2.Dynamic Viscosity -- 2.3.Kinematic Viscosity -- 2.4.Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids -- 2.5.Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- 2.6.Viscosity Measurement -- 2.7.SAE Viscosity Grades -- 2.8.ISO Viscosity Grades -- 2.9.Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 3.Pressure Measurement -- The Big Picture -- 3.1.Objectives -- 3.2.Absolute and Gage Pressure -- 3.3.Relationship between Pressure and Elevation -- 3.4.Development of the Pressure -- Elevation Relation -- 3.5.Pascal's Paradox -- 3.6.Manometers -- 3.7.Barometers -- 3.8.Pressure Expressed as the Height of a Column of Liquid -- 3.9.Pressure Gages and Transducers -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- 4.Forces Due to Static Fluids -- The Big Picture -- 4.1.Objectives -- 4.2.Gases Under Pressure -- 4.3.Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids -- 4.4.Rectangular Walls -- 4.5.Submerged Plane Areas -- General -- 4.6.Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas -- 4.7.Piezometric Head -- 4.8.Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface -- 4.9.Effect of a Pressure above the Fluid Surface -- 4.10.Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It -- 4.11.Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 5.Buoyancy and Stability -- The Big Picture -- 5.1.Objectives -- 5.2.Buoyancy -- 5.3.Buoyancy Materials -- 5.4.Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies -- 5.5.Stability of Floating Bodies -- 5.6.Degree of Stability -- Reference -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Stability Evaluation Projects -- 6.Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli's Equation -- The Big Picture -- 6.1.Objectives -- 6.2.Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation -- 6.3.Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing -- 6.4.Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing -- 6.5.Conservation of Energy -- Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.6.Interpretation of Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.7.Restrictions on Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.8.Applications of Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.9.Torricelli's Theorem -- 6.10.Flow Due to a Falling Head -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Analysis Projects Using Bernoulli's Equation and Torricelli's Theorem -- 7.General Energy Equation -- The Big Picture -- 7.1.Objectives -- 7.2.Energy Losses and Additions -- 7.3.Nomenclature of Energy Losses and Additions -- 7.4.General Energy Equation -- 7.5.Power Required by Pumps -- 7.6.Power Delivered to Fluid Motors -- Practice Problems -- 8.Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Energy Losses Due to Friction -- The Big Picture -- 8.1.Objectives -- 8.2.Reynolds Number -- 8.3.Critical Reynolds Numbers -- 8.4.Darcy's Equation -- 8.5.Friction Loss in Laminar Flow -- 8.6.Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow -- 8.7.Use of Software for Pipe Flow Problems -- 8.8.Equations for the Friction Factor -- 8.9.Hazen -- Williams Formula for Water Flow -- 8.10.Other Forms of the Hazen -- Williams Formula -- 8.11.Nomograph for Solving the Hazen -- Williams Formula -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 9.Velocity Profiles for Circular Sections and Flow in Noncircular Sections -- The Big Picture -- 9.1.Objectives -- 9.2.Velocity Profiles -- 9.3.Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow -- 9.4.Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow -- 9.5.Flow in Noncircular Sections -- 9.6.Computational Fluid Dynamics -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 10.Minor Losses -- The Big Picture -- 10.1.Objectives -- 10.2.Resistance Coefficient -- 10.3.Sudden Enlargement -- 10.4.Exit Loss -- 10.5.Gradual Enlargement -- 10.6.Sudden Contraction -- 10.7.Gradual Contraction -- 10.8.Entrance Loss -- 10.9.Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings -- 10.10.Application of Standard Valves -- 10.11.Pipe Bends -- 10.12.Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves -- 10.13.Flow Coefficients for Valves Using Cv -- 10.14.Plastic Valves -- 10.15.Using K-Factors in PIPE-FLO® Software -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments -- 11.Series Pipeline Systems -- The Big Picture -- 11.1.Objectives -- 11.2.Class I Systems -- 11.3.Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems -- 11.4.Class II Systems -- 11.5.Class III Systems -- 11.6.PIPE-FLO® Examples for Series Pipeline Systems -- 11.7.Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments -- 12.Parallel and Branching Pipeline Systems -- The Big Picture -- 12.1.Objectives -- 12.2.Systems with Two Branches -- 12.3.Parallel Pipeline Systems and Pressure Boundaries in PIPE-FLO® -- 12.4.Systems with Three or More Branches -- Networks -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 13.Pump Selection and Application -- The Big Picture -- 13.1.Objectives -- 13.2.Parameters Involved in Pump Selection -- 13.3.Types of Pumps -- 13.4.Positive-Displacement Pumps -- 13.5.Kinetic Pumps -- 13.6.Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.7.Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.8.Manufacturers' Data for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.9.Net Positive Suction Head -- 13.10.Suction Line Details -- 13.11.Discharge Line Details -- 13.12.The System Resistance Curve -- 13.13.Pump Selection and the Operating Point for the System -- 13.14.Using PIPE-FLO® for Selection of Commercially Available Pumps -- 13.15.Alternate System Operating Modes -- 13.16.Pump Type Selection and Specific Speed -- 13.17.Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid Systems -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Supplemental Problem (PIPE-FLO® Only) -- Design Problems -- Design Problem Statements -- Comprehensive Design Problem -- 14.Open-Channel Flow -- The Big Picture -- 14.1.Objectives -- 14.2.Classification of Open-Channel Flow -- 14.3.Hydraulic Radius and Reynolds Number in Open-Channel Flow -- 14.4.Kinds of Open-Channel Flow -- 14.5.Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels -- 14.6.The Geometry of Typical Open Channels -- 14.7.The Most Efficient Shapes for Open Channels -- 14.8.Critical Flow and Specific Energy -- 14.9.Hydraulic Jump -- 14.10.Open-Channel Flow Measurement -- References -- Digital Publications -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 15.Flow Measurement -- The Big Picture -- 15.1.Objectives -- 15.2.Flowmeter Selection Factors -- 15.3.Variable-Head Meters -- 15.4.Variable-Area Meters -- 15.5.Turbine Flowmeter -- 15.6.Vortex Flowmeter -- 15.7.Magnetic Flowmeter -- 15.8.Ultrasonic Flowmeters -- 15.9.Positive-Displacement Meters -- 15.10.Mass Flow Measurement -- 15.11.Velocity Probes -- 15.12.Level Measurement -- 15.13.Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing -- References -- Internet Resources -- Review Questions -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 16.Forces Due to Fluids in Motion -- The Big Picture -- 16.1.Objectives -- 16.2.Force Equation -- 16.3.Impulse -- Momentum Equation -- 16.4.Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations -- 16.5.Forces on Stationary Objects -- 16.6.Forces on Bends in Pipelines -- 16.7.Forces on Moving Objects -- Practice Problems -- 17.Drag and Lift -- The Big Picture -- 17.1.Objectives -- 17.2.Drag Force Equation -- 17.3.Pressure Drag -- 17.4.Drag Coefficient -- 17.5.Friction Drag on Spheres in Laminar Flow -- 17.6.Vehicle Drag -- 17.7.Compressibility Effects and Cavitation -- 17.8.Lift and Drag on Airfoils -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- 18.Fans, Blowers, Compressors, and the Flow of Gases -- The Big Picture -- 18.1.Objectives -- 18.2.Gas Flow Rates and Pressures -- 18.3.Classification of Fans,;Blowers, and Compressors -- 18.4.Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes -- 18.5.Flow of Air and Other Gases Through Nozzles -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 19.Flow of Air in Ducts -- The Big Picture -- 19.1.Objectives -- 19.2.Energy Losses in Ducts -- 19.3.Duct Design -- 19.4.Energy Efficiency and Practical Considerations in Duct Design -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Appendices -- Appendix A Properties of Water -- Appendix B Properties of Common Liquids -- Appendix C Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils -- Appendix D Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- Appendix E Properties of Air -- Appendix F Dimensions of Steel Pipe -- Appendix G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing -- Appendix H Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing -- Appendix I Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe -- Appendix J Areas of Circles -- Appendix K Conversion Factors -- Appendix L Properties of Areas -- Appendix M Properties of Solids -- Appendix N Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
The Big Picture......Page 20
1.2 Basic Introductory Concepts......Page 22
1.4 The U.S. Customary System......Page 23
1.5 Weight and Mass......Page 24
1.7 Consistent Units in an Equation......Page 25
1.8 The Definition of Pressure......Page 27
1.9 Compressibility......Page 29
1.10 Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity......Page 30
1.11 Surface Tension......Page 33
Practice Problems......Page 34
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 37
The Big Picture......Page 38
2.1 Objectives......Page 39
2.2 Dynamic Viscosity......Page 40
2.3 Kinematic Viscosity......Page 41
2.4 Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 42
2.5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature......Page 44
2.6 Viscosity Measurement......Page 46
2.7 SAE Viscosity Grades......Page 51
2.9 Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems......Page 52
References......Page 53
Practice Problems......Page 54
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 56
The Big Picture......Page 57
3.2 Absolute and Gage Pressure......Page 58
3.3 Relationship between Pressure and Elevation......Page 59
3.4 Development of the Pressure–Elevation Relation......Page 62
3.5 Pascal’s Paradox......Page 64
3.6 Manometers......Page 65
3.7 Barometers......Page 70
3.8 Pressure Expressed as the Height of Column of Liquid......Page 71
3.9 Pressure Gages and Transducers......Page 72
Practice Problems......Page 74
The Big Picture......Page 82
4.2 Gases Under Pressure......Page 84
4.3 Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids......Page 85
4.4 Rectangular Walls......Page 86
4.5 Submerged Plane Areas General......Page 88
4.6 Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas......Page 91
4.7 Piezometric Head......Page 92
4.8 Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface......Page 93
4.10 Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It......Page 97
4.11 Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below......Page 98
Practice Problems......Page 99
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 111
The Big Picture......Page 112
5.2 Buoyancy......Page 113
5.3 Buoyancy Materials......Page 120
5.4 Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies......Page 121
5.5 Stability of Floating Bodies......Page 122
5.6 Degree of Stability......Page 126
Practice Problems......Page 127
Stability Evaluation Projects......Page 135
The Big Picture......Page 136
6.2 Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation......Page 137
6.3 Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing......Page 141
6.4 Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing......Page 143
6.5 Conservation of Energy—Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 146
6.6 Interpretation of Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 147
6.8 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 148
6.9 Torricelli’s Theorem......Page 156
6.10 Flow Due to a Falling Head......Page 159
Internet Resources......Page 161
Practice Problems......Page 162
Analysis Projects Using Bernoulli’s Equation and Torricelli’s Theorem......Page 172
The Big Picture......Page 173
7.1 Objectives......Page 174
7.2 Energy Losses and Additions......Page 175
7.4 General Energy Equation......Page 177
7.5 Power Required by Pumps......Page 181
7.6 Power Delivered to Fluid Motors......Page 184
Practice Problems......Page 186
The Big Picture......Page 197
8.2 Reynolds Number......Page 200
8.3 Critical Reynolds Numbers......Page 201
8.5 Friction Loss in Laminar Flow......Page 202
8.6 Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow......Page 203
8.7 Use of Software for Pipe Flow Problems......Page 209
8.8 Equations for the Friction Factor......Page 213
8.9 Hazen–Williams Formula for Water Flow......Page 214
8.11 Nomograph for Solving the Hazen–Williams Formula......Page 215
Practice Problems......Page 217
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 223
The Big Picture......Page 224
9.1 Objectives......Page 225
9.3 Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow......Page 226
9.4 Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow......Page 228
9.5 Flow in Noncircular Sections......Page 231
9.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics......Page 235
Practice Problems......Page 237
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 243
The Big Picture......Page 244
10.2 Resistance Coefficient......Page 246
10.3 Sudden Enlargement......Page 247
10.5 Gradual Enlargement......Page 250
10.6 Sudden Contraction......Page 252
10.7 Gradual Contraction......Page 255
10.8 Entrance Loss......Page 256
10.9 Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings......Page 257
10.10 Application of Standard Valves......Page 263
10.11 Pipe Bends......Page 265
10.12 Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves......Page 267
10.13 Flow Coefficients for Valves Using CV......Page 270
10.14 Plastic Valves......Page 271
10.15 Using K-Factors in PIPE-FLO ® Software......Page 272
Practice Problems......Page 277
Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments......Page 282
The Big Picture......Page 283
11.2 Class I Systems......Page 284
11.3 Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems......Page 289
11.4 Class II Systems......Page 291
11.5 Class III Systems......Page 297
11.6 PIPE-FLO ® Examples for Series Pipeline Systems......Page 300
11.7 Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity......Page 303
Practice Problems......Page 305
Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments......Page 314
The Big Picture......Page 315
12.2 Systems with Two Branches......Page 317
12.3 Parallel Pipeline Systems and Pressure Boundaries in PIPE-FLO ®......Page 323
12.4 Systems with Three or More Branches— Networks......Page 326
Practice Problems......Page 333
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 336
The Big Picture......Page 337
13.1 Objectives......Page 338
13.4 Positive-Displacement Pumps......Page 339
13.5 Kinetic Pumps......Page 345
13.6 Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 349
13.7 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 351
13.8 Manufacturers’ Data for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 352
13.9 Net Positive Suction Head......Page 360
13.11 Discharge Line Details......Page 365
13.12 The System Resistance Curve......Page 366
13.13 Pump Selection and the Operating Point for the System......Page 369
13.14 Using PIPE-FLO ® for Selection of Commercially Available Pumps......Page 371
13.15 Alternate System Operating Modes......Page 375
13.16 Pump Type Selection and Specific Speed......Page 380
13.17 Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid Systems......Page 382
References......Page 383
Internet Resources......Page 384
Practice Problems......Page 385
Design Problems......Page 386
Design Problem Statements......Page 387
Comprehensive Design Problem......Page 389
The Big Picture......Page 391
14.1 Objectives......Page 392
14.2 Classification of Open-Channel Flow......Page 393
14.4 Kinds of Open-Channel Flow......Page 394
14.5 Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels......Page 395
14.6 The Geometry of Typical Open Channels......Page 399
14.8 Critical Flow and Specific Energy......Page 401
14.9 Hydraulic Jump......Page 403
14.10 Open-Channel Flow Measurement......Page 405
Internet Resources......Page 409
Practice Problems......Page 410
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 413
The Big Picture......Page 414
15.2 Flowmeter Selection Factors......Page 415
15.3 Variable-Head Meters......Page 416
15.6 Vortex Flowmeter......Page 423
15.7 Magnetic Flowmeter......Page 425
15.10 Mass Flow Measurement......Page 427
15.11 Velocity Probes......Page 429
15.13 Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing......Page 433
Internet Resources......Page 434
Practice Problems......Page 435
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 436
The Big Picture......Page 437
16.2 Force Equation......Page 438
16.4 Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations......Page 439
16.5 Forces on Stationary Objects......Page 440
16.6 Forces on Bends in Pipelines......Page 442
16.7 Forces on Moving Objects......Page 445
Practice Problems......Page 446
The Big Picture......Page 451
17.2 Drag Force Equation......Page 453
17.4 Drag Coefficient......Page 454
17.6 Vehicle Drag......Page 460
17.8 Lift and Drag on Airfoils......Page 462
References......Page 464
Practice Problems......Page 465
The Big Picture......Page 469
18.2 Gas Flow Rates and Pressures......Page 470
18.3 Classification of Fans, Blowers, and Compressors......Page 471
18.4 Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes......Page 475
18.5 Flow of Air and Other Gases Through Nozzles......Page 480
Internet Resources......Page 486
Practice Problems......Page 487
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 488
The Big Picture......Page 489
19.2 Energy Losses in Ducts......Page 491
19.3 Duct Design......Page 496
19.4 Energy Efficiency and Practical Considerations in Duct Design......Page 502
Practice Problems......Page 503
Appendix A: Properties of Water......Page 507
Appendix B: Properties of Common Liquids......Page 509
Appendix C: Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils......Page 511
Appendix D: Variation of Viscosity with Temperature......Page 512
Appendix E: Properties of Air......Page 515
Appendix F: Dimensions of Steel Pipe......Page 519
Appendix G: Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing......Page 13
Appendix H: Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing......Page 524
Appendix I: Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe......Page 525
Appendix J: Areas of Circles......Page 526
Appendix K: Conversion Factors......Page 528
Appendix L: Properties of Areas......Page 530
Appendix M: Properties of Solids......Page 532
Appendix N: Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases......Page 534
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 535
C......Page 544
F......Page 545
J......Page 546
O......Page 547
P......Page 548
U......Page 549
W......Page 550

✦ Subjects

Fluid mechanics;Mécanique des fluides;Problèmes et exercices;Mécanique des fluides;Mécanique des fluides -- Problèmes et exercices