A general analytic approach is developed to predict how perturbing one level of a food chain affects the stocks in other levels. (The comparison is between initial and final steady states.) This yields qualitative and quantitative predictions of the trophic cascade hypothesis and the bottom-up:top-d
A bottom-up and top-down approach to using context in text recognition
โ Scribed by Radian Shinghal; Godfried T. Toussaint
- Publisher
- Elsevier Science
- Year
- 1979
- Weight
- 570 KB
- Volume
- 11
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0020-7373
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
โฆ Synopsis
Existing approaches to using contextual information in text recognition tend to fall into two categories: dictionary look-up methods and Markov methods. Markov methods use transition probabilities between letters and represent a bottom-up approach to using context which is characterized by being very efficient but exhibiting mediocre errorcorrecting capability. Dictionary look-up methods, on the other hand, constrain the choice of letter sequences to be legal words and represent a top-down approach characterized by impressive error-correcting capabilities at a stiff price in storage and computation. In this paper, a combined bottom-up top-down algorithm is proposed. Exhaustive experimentation shows that the algorithm achieves the error-correcting capability of the dictionary look-up methods at half the cost.
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