Wildland Fire Behaviour: Dynamics, Principles and Proceses

✍ Scribed by Mark A Finney, Sara S McAllister

• Publisher: CSIRO
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 377
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title
Copyright
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction to wildfire science
Fire science and the need for experiments
Wildland fire science since 1900
Modelling and field-scale research
The challenge of validation
Outline of the book
References
2 Fire and wildland fire behaviour
The burning candle as a fire process
Igniting and burning a candle
Flame shape
Flame size
Candles and wildfires as coupled systems
Wildfire behaviour triangle: fuels, weather, topography
Wildfire classification
Initial fire growth
Line fire concept
Wildfire behaviour
Fire spread rate
Fire shapes
Fire area and perimeter
Heat release and fireline intensity
Flame length
Fire characteristics chart
Fire acceleration
Summary
Supplementary calculations
Endnote
References
3 Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Basic concepts, material properties and terminology
Thermodynamics
Fluid mechanics
Boundary layers
Vortex flows
Ember lofting
Heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer
Radiation heat transfer
Convection heat transfer
Combined heat transfer
Summary
Endnote
References
4 Combustion
Fuels
Thermodynamics of combustion
Combustion reactions
Heat of combustion
Flame temperatures
Brief discussion of chemical kinetics
Types of flames
Premixed flames
Non-premixedor diffusion flames
Smouldering and glowing
Summary
Endnotes
References
5 Ignition
The ignition process
Flaming ignition criteria
Types of ignition
Critical heat flux for ignition
Predicting ignition times
Factors that affect ignition time
Live fuels
Summary
Endnotes
References
6 The environment in wildfire dynamics
Wildland fuel
Fuel particles and fuel beds
Fuel moisture
Live fuels
Implications for fuel characterisation and classification
Weather
Winds
Solar radiation
Topography
Fire configurations
Flame front width and shape
Backing fires and flanking
Multiple flame zones and air-flow interactions
Summary
References
7 Wildfire spread
System behaviour
Model framework
Fuel particles
Burning rate
Flame radiation heat transfer
Solid glowing radiation
Ambient environment radiation heat transfer
Convection heat transfer
Model function
Modelled fire spread and behaviour
Simple fire spread dynamics
Fuel particle heating and ignition
Fuel loading
Flame front width
Effects of wind
Non-steadywind
Effects of slope
Effects of dead fuel moisture
Effects of fuel continuity
Positive and negative feedbacks
Model improvements
Combustion
Ignition
Wind
Flame zone orientation
Heat transfer
Crown fire
Summary
References
8 Behaviours of large fires
Crown fire
Spotting and spot fires
Fire shapes and growth patterns
Burn streets
Plumes and pyroconvective atmospheric storms
Vorticity
Pulsating or puffing
Fire whirls
Counter-rotating vortex pairs and wake vortices
Vorticity-driven lateral spread
Mass fires
Summary
References
9 Measurements in fire behaviour
Sampling and experimental design
Fire measurements
Combustion and heat release
Fuel consumption
Heat release
Flame zone properties
Heat transfer
Radiation
Convection
Ignition
Rate of spread
One-dimensional spread rate
Two-dimensional spread rate and fire growth
Environmental measurements
Fuel moisture
Weather and wind
Temperature
Relative humidity
Summary
References
10 Ignition techniques for experimental burning
Point ignition
Single line ignition
Heading fires
Backing fires
Flanking fires
Other line ignitions
Multiple line fires
Strip head fire
Flank fire
Multiple spot ignitions
Ring fire, centre fire, mass ignition
Summary
References
11 Conclusions
Key principles and insights
Principal value to researchers
Principal value to managers
APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS
APPENDIX B: THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR
INDEX