Water Safety, Security and Sustainability: Threat Detection and Mitigation (Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications)

✍ Scribed by Ashok Vaseashta (editor), Carmen Maftei (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 731
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book focuses on threats, especially contaminants, to drinking water and the supply system, especially in municipalities but also in industrial and even residential settings. The safety, security, and suitability landscape can be described as dynamic and complex stemming from necessity and hence culpability due to the emerging threats and risks, vis-a-vis globalization resulting in new forms of contaminants being used due to new technologies. The book provides knowledge and guidance for engineers, scientists, designers, researchers, and students who are involved in water, sustainability, and study of security issues. This book starts out with basics of water usage, current statistics, and an overview ofwater resources. The book then introduces different scenarios of safety and security and areas that researchers need to focus. Following that, the book presents different types of contaminants – inadvertent, intentional, or incidental. The next section presents different methodologies of contamination sensing/detection and remediation strategies as per guidance and standards set globally. The book then concludes with selected chapters on water management, including critical infrastructure that is critical to maintaining safe water supplies to cities and municipalities. Each chapter includes descriptive information for professionals in their respective fields. The breadth of chapters offers insights into how science (physical, natural, and social) and technology can support new developments to manage the complexity resident within the evolving threat and risk landscape.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword by Prof. Juhna
Foreword by Prof. Burton
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Introduction
Introduction to Water Safety, Security and Sustainability
1 Water—Current Status and Global Challenges
1.1 Current Status and Global Challenges
1.2 Water-Energy-Food Nexus
1.3 Sustainable Development Goals
2 Emerging Trends and Future Pathways for Global Water Safety, Security and Sustainable Development
3 Proposed Solutions, Policy Implications and Legal Framework
4 Conclusions and Future Pathways
References
Applied Geology and Geoinformatics for Ground Water Exploration, Protection and Management
1 Introduction
1.1 Groundwater Conceptual Models
1.2 Remote Sensing for Groundwater Exploration
1.3 Verification of Remote Sensing Outputs
1.4 Groundwater Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
2 Methodologies Implemented for Groundwater Protection
2.1 Remote Sensing Applications to Groundwater Protection and Management
2.2 Remote Sensing and Chemical Analyses Data to Detect Groundwater Flow
2.3 Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment
3 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
The Roles of Sensor Placement in Water Quality Monitoring in a Water Distribution System
1 Introduction
2 Threat to Water Distribution Systems and Components of the Contaminant
3 Why Sensor Placement?
4 Classification of Role of Sensor’s Placement Objective
4.1 Single Objective Strategies
4.2 Multi-objective Strategies
5 Comparison of Single and Multi-objectives Strategies of the Sensor Placement
6 Present Solution Approaches
7 Challenges and Way Forward
8 Future Research Works on Sensor Placement
9 Conclusions
References
Exposome, Biomonitoring, Assessment and Data Analytics to Quantify Universal Water Quality
1 Introduction
1.1 Water Quality Index
2 Contaminants in Water
2.1 Exposome and Water Stress
2.2 Common Contaminants in Drinking Water
2.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Water Quality
2.4 Health Impacts of Common Contaminants in Water
2.5 Impact of Contaminants in Water on Various Industries
3 Water Quality Exposure Assessment and Biomonitoring
4 Discussion, Scenarios and Path Forward
4.1 Cyber Physical Systems for Internet of Things (IoT) Based Monitoring Strategies
4.2 Big Data Analytics and Factor Analysis—Exposome, Bioinformatics and Health-Informatics
4.3 A Novel Approach Towards Water Quality Assessment
4.4 Contamination Remediation Strategies—Conventional and Novel
5 Conclusions—Observations, Analysis, Policy Initiatives and Future Recommendations
References
Water Resources, Nature of Contaminants, Impact on Health and Water Quality
1 Brief History and Water Directive
2 The Water Framework Directive
2.1 The Natural Water Circuits
2.2 Water Uses
2.3 Water Resources Types
2.4 Groundwater
2.5 Surface Water
3 Conclusion
References
Contamination Detection and Mitigation
Nanomaterials and Their Role in Removing Contaminants from Wastewater—A Critical Review
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
2.1 Adsorption
2.2 Photocatalysis
2.3 Membranes
3 Prospective of Nanomaterials Application in Wastewater Treatment
4 Conclusions
References
Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Filtration
1 Introduction
1.1 Nanoparticles in Polymeric Membrane Systems
1.2 Fabrication Methods of Membrane
2 Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes
2.1 PVDF/Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membrane
2.2 PVDF/CNT Membrane
2.3 PVDF/Graphene Oxide Membrane
3 PVDF/Inorganic Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Membrane
3.1 PVDF/Inorganic Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Membrane
3.2 PVDF/ZnO Membrane
3.3 PVDF/Mg (OH)2 Membrane
3.4 PVDF/Fe3O4 Membrane
3.5 PVDF/Al2O3 Membrane
3.6 PVDF/TiO2 Membrane
3.7 PVDF/SiO2 Membrane
3.8 PVDF/Ag Membrane
4 PVDF/Hybrid Nanoparticles Membrane
5 Conclusion
References
Electrospun Nanomaterials: Applications in Water Contamination Remediation
1 Introduction
2 Nanofiber Fabrication by Electrospinning Technique
2.1 Effects of Different Parameters on Electrospinning
3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Water Treatment
3.1 Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes
3.2 Ceramic Nanofibers
3.3 Composite Nanofibers
4 Conclusion
References
Water Treatment by Green Coagulants—Nature at Rescue
1 Introduction
2 History of Coagulation—Development of Coagulation technology over the years
3 Theory of Coagulation
4 Coagulation Mechanisms
4.1 Double Layer Compression
4.2 Charge Neutralization
4.3 Sweep Coagulation
4.4 Inter-particle Bridging
5 Factors Governing Coagulation
5.1 Temperature
5.2 pH
5.3 Alkalinity
5.4 Type of Coagulants
5.5 Coagulant Dosage
6 Types of Coagulants
6.1 Chemical Coagulants
6.2 Organic Coagulants
6.3 Polymerized Inorganic Coagulants
6.4 Drawbacks of Chemical Coagulants
6.5 Advantage of Using Natural Coagulants
7 Natural Coagulants
7.1 Classification of Plant-Derived Coagulants
8 Conclusions
References
Application of the Systems Approach and System Standards in Water Safety Plan Development and Implementation
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Models and Methods—Systems Approach and System Standards
4 Water Safety/Security/Sustainability Plan Development
5 The Experience of Serbia
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations
References
Chitosan–Gelatin Cryogels as Bio-Sorbents for Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Production of CH-GEL Cryogel
2.3 Characterization Studies of CH-GEL Cryogel
2.4 Measurement of the Equilibrium Swelling Ratio
2.5 Adsorption Experiments
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Chemical Structure and Morphology of Cryogel
3.2 The Equilibrium Swelling Ratio of Cryogel
3.3 The Equilibrium Adsorption Studies
4 Conclusions
References
Macroporous Cryogels for Water Purification
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication of Cryogels
3 Factors Effecting the Characteristic Properties of Cryogels
3.1 The Content of Initial Solution
3.2 Effect of the Initial Concentration
3.3 Cryogelation Temperature and Duration
4 Application Areas of Supermacroporous Cryogels
5 Cryogels Used in Water Purification Applications
5.1 Antibiotics
5.2 Metallic Contaminants
5.3 Dyestuffs
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Materials and Processes for Treatment of Microbiological Pollution in Water
1 Introduction: Water Pollution and Microbiological Pollution
2 Types of Microbiological Water Pollution
2.1 Bacterial Water Pollution
2.2 Viral Water Pollution
2.3 Protozoan Water Pollution
3 Methodology Used in Microbiological Water Pollution Treatment
3.1 Disinfection
3.2 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation
3.3 Filtration
4 Materials Used in Microbiological Water Pollution Treatment
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Methods and Characteristics of Conventional Water Treatment Technologies
1 Introduction
1.1 Potable Water Characteristics and Conventional Elimination Methods
2 Usual Water Treatment Lines
2.1 Simple Disinfection
2.2 Treatment Type T1: Simple Physical Treatment with Disinfection
2.3 Treatment Type T2: Normal Treatment, Chemical and Disinfection
2.4 Treatment Type T3: Physical Treatment, Advanced Chemistry, Refining and Disinfection
2.5 Pilot Plant Research Stations
3 Potable Water Treatment Process
3.1 Pretreatment
3.2 Pre-treatment at Raw Water Intake
3.3 Oxidation
3.4 Coagulation in the Water Treatment Process
3.5 Settling Process
3.6 Filtration
3.7 Membrane Techniques
3.8 Activated Carbon Absorption
3.9 Ion Exchange Resins
4 Conclusions
References
Water Security
Environmental Forensic Tools for Water Resources
1 Introduction
2 Water—Statistics and Characteristics
2.1 Some Peculiar Characteristics of Water
2.2 Usual Chemical Water Composition and Pollutants
2.3 Applied Forensics Methods for Water
3 Specific Knowledge Skills for Environmental Forensics
3.1 Terrain
3.2 Overview of Some of Most Widely Spread Pollutants and Techniques
4 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Security Standards Applied to Drinking Water
1 Introduction: The Importance of Water for Humankind
2 The Status of Water Quantity and Quality at Global Level
3 Water Security Issues
4 History and Main Types of Food Frauds
5 Implementation of Management Systems (Standards) for Water Security
6 Hazard Analysis, Risk Assessment and Identification of Critical Safety Areas in Accordance with IFS Requirements
7 Conclusions
References
Water Security Safeguarded by Safe, Secure and Smart Water Management Solutions
1 Introduction to Water Security
2 Smart Water Solutions for Water Security
2.1 Evolution of Industrial Control Systems
2.2 SCADA Systems in Critical Infrastructures—Water Sector
2.3 Distributed Control Systems DCS
2.4 Programmable Logic Controller
2.5 Frequency Converters
2.6 Asset Management and Field Work Management
3 Discretization of Water Bodies Through Hydro Informatics Modeling Tools
3.1 Modeling Underground Flow Using Hydro Informatics Tools
3.2 Informatics Systems
3.3 Advanced Hydroinformatics Tools
4 Conclusion
References
Groundwater Safety by Monitoring Quality Parameters in Transylvania, Romania
1 Water as a Necessity for Humanity
2 The Status of Aqua in Romania—Transylvania
2.1 Study on the Hygienic Quality of Groundwater in Transylvania
2.2 Study on Water Quality in Alba County
3 Conclusions
References
Sustainable Development, Management
Water Scarcity Management
1 Introduction
2 Causes of Water Scarcity
2.1 Megacities
2.2 Climate Change
2.3 Agriculture
2.4 Pollution
3 Water Scarcity Aspects
3.1 Water Scarcity Quantitative Aspects
3.2 Water Scarcity Qualitative Aspects
4 Managing Water Scarcity
4.1 Preventing Water Pollution
4.2 Water Harvesting
4.3 Seawater Desalination
4.4 Recharging Aquifers/Groundwater
4.5 Water Reuse and Effective Water Treatment Technologies
5 Water Resources Policy and Recommendations
6 Conclusion
References
Sustainable Approaches for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Metal-Organic Frame Works
1 Introduction: Water Pollution Due to Industrial Waste
1.1 Various Techniques Used for the Treatment of Wastewater in the Current Scenario
2 Treatment of Wastewater by Adsorption Process
2.1 Adsorption Theory
2.2 Factors Influencing the Adsorption Phenomenon
3 Adsorbent Materials
3.1 Adsorbents in the Current Scenario
3.2 MOF (Metal-Organic-Framework) for Water Treatment
4 Sustainable Applications of MOFs as Adsorbents
4.1 Production of MOFs
4.2 MOFs Preparation and Fabrication
4.3 Applications of Adsorbents for Water Treatment
5 Conclusions
References
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage
1 Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage
1.1 Water—Source of Life
1.2 What Is HWTS?
2 Water Contamination and HWTS Options
2.1 Safe-Drinking Water Definition
2.2 Treatment Methods of Household Water
2.3 HTWS Selection Criteria
3 Advantages and Limitations of the HWTS Technologies
4 Cost-Effectiveness and Cost–Benefit of the HWTS Technologies
5 Summary of Key Messages, Conclusions and Path Forward
References
Hydrocarbons Removal from Contaminated Water by Using Expanded Graphite Sorbents
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Sorbents: COREXIT® and EG
3 Expanded Graphite as a Sorbent
4 Mobile Equipment and Simulation of Operating Parameters for EG Production
5 Conclusions
References
Sustainable Approach to Water-Energy Nexus: Sea-Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination and its Future Directions
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Water Energy Nexus
3 Energy for Water (EFW) for Brine
3.1 Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC):
3.2 Electrodialysis (ED)/Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)
3.3 Forward Osmosis (FO)
3.4 Membrane Distillation (MD)
4 Water for Energy (WFE) for Brine
4.1 Reverse Electrodialysis (RED)
4.2 Microbial RED
4.3 Accumulator Mediated Mixing (Accmix)
4.4 Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO)
4.5 Swelling and Shrinking Hydrogel (SSH)
4.6 Hydrocratic Generator (HG)
4.7 Reverse Vapor Compression
5 Brine to Chemicals (BTC)
6 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
River Bank Filtration System: Cost Effective Water Supply Alternative
1 Introduction
2 RBF Across Countries
3 RBF in India
4 Site Selection and Methodology
5 Design of RBF System
6 Challenges in RBF System
7 Case Study: RBF in Dayalbagh
8 Conclusion
References
Case Studies
Drought Land Degradation and Desertification—Case Study of Nuntasi-Tuzla Lake in Romania
1 Introduction: Water Policy Context
2 Study Area
3 Lake Genesis and Its Characteristics
4 Ecosystem Lake Degradation Under Human Intervention
5 Conclusion
References
Statistical Assessment of the Water Quality Using Water Quality Indicators—Case Study from India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Water Quality Indicators
2.2 Study Area
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Objectives
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 Rainfall Analysis
4.2 Land Use and Land Cover Analysis
4.3 Seasonal Analysis of Hydrological Components
4.4 Seasonal Analysis of Water Balance
5 Discussions
5.1 Watershed-Specific Management Measures
5.2 Future Directions
6 Conclusions
References
Web Application Tool for Assessing Groundwater Sustainability—A Case Study in Rural-Maharashtra, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Development of Groundwater Calculator (G-Cal)
2.2 Operation Design in G-Cal
2.3 Study Area
2.4 Data Collection and Processing
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Key Findings from the Recuperation Test
3.2 Unconfined Aquifer Analysis
3.3 Discharge Analysis for the Groundwater Flow Conditions
3.4 Analysis of Wells Extracting Water from Unconfined Aquifers
3.5 Comparative Analysis Between Manual Estimation and G-Cal Outputs
3.6 Opportunities for Groundwater Management and Security Using G-Cal
3.7 Future Directions
4 Conclusions
References
Modeling
On the Semiconductor Spectroscopy for Identification of Emergent Contaminants in Transparent Mediums
1 Introduction—State-of-the-Art Semiconductor Spectroscopy
2 Innovative Method of the Spectroscopy
2.1 Photoelectronic Processes in Experimental Samples. Selective Spectral Sensitivity
2.2 The Determination of the Influence of the Tunneling on the Spectral Response
2.3 Tunneling Issues
3 Interrelation of the Structural Parameters
4 On the Development of the Optimal Design of Photodetector
5 Photocurrent with and Without the External Diffusion Current: Case Studies of Silicide Potential Barriers—p–n Junction and n+-p-n+ Structures
6 The Solution of the Expression for the Absorption Coefficient
7 Case Studies of Three Typical Samples
7.1 8Silicide-n-p
7.2 37n-p-n
7.3 253n-p-n
7.4 On the Photocurrent Amplification Mechanism
8 On the Mechanism of the Selective Spectral Sensitivity
9 Conclusion
References
Modeling the Evolution of Surface and Groundwater Quality
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Hydroinformatic Tools for Modeling the Evolution of Surface and Groundwater Quality
2.1 MODFLOW (ASMWIN)
2.2 MODFLOW (PMWIN)
2.3 MIKE by DHI
2.4 FEFLOW
3 Case Studies for Modeling the Evolution of Surface and Groundwater Quality
3.1 Groundwater and Solute Transport Modeling in the Proximity of Arad Thermal Power Plant, Romania—ASMWIN Application
3.2 Pollutants Transport Simulation in Aquifers Layer, Provided from Infiltration of Wastewater Coming from Pig’s Farms—ASMWIN Application
3.3 Water Catchment Modeling System in the City of Oradea, Romania—MODFLOW Application
3.4 3D Modelling for Phreatic Aquifers Inland Fills. Case Study Parta Landfill—MODFLOW Application [5]
3.5 Sediment Transport—MIKE11 Application
3.6 Water Quality Evolution—MIKE11 ECOLab Application [15]
4 Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index