Waste-to-Energy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives towards Circular Economy

✍ Scribed by Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Qingyuan Wang, Jin Huang

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 651
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book addresses the needs of students, researchers, as well as engineers and other professionals or readers interested in recent advances of biofuel and efficient waste management. In the context of energy consumption, over 85% of the total consumed energy comes from non-renewable fossil resources. Developing new renewable energy resources, especially biofuel production from wastes, has received increasing attention. The book is organized into three sections, namely Section I: Conventional waste management; Section II: From waste to green energy; and Section III: Case studies and future perspectives. Each section presents topic-specific chapters, which contain comprehensive and advanced knowledge of the subjects. Overall, the book covers the recent advances, breakthroughs, challenges, and future perspectives of waste-to-energy approach using different kinds of wastes as a feedstock for alternative biofuels and other integrated approaches such as wastewater treatment, plastic degradation, and CO2 sequestration in a cost-effective and eco-friendly way. In addition, different routes of waste recycling for enhanced biofuel production and case studies are presented with environmental and economic analysis. The presented case studies and future perspectives under Section III complement the chapters as they are authored by experts from bioenergy businesses who actually encounter real-world problems.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 An Overview of Municipal Wastes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification and Types of Wastes
1.2.1 Agricultural Wastes
1.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste
1.2.3 Industrial Waste
1.2.4 Hazardous Waste
1.3 Municipal Waste Management Systems
1.4 Statistics of Wastes Production and Management
1.4.1 Waste Production
1.4.2 Waste Management
1.5 Impact of Applying Circular Economy Principles
1.5.1 Relation Between Circular Economy and Waste to Energy WTE
1.5.2 Different Circular Economy Business Models
1.5.3 Examples of Positive and Negative Impacts
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 Different Waste Management Methods, Applications, and Limitations
2.1 Municipal Solid Wastes
2.2 Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
2.2.1 Reduce
2.2.2 Reuse
2.2.3 Recycle
2.3 Landfill
2.3.1 Landfill Leachate and Gases
2.3.2 Landfill Classification
2.3.3 Modern Landfills
2.4 Incineration and Pyrolysis
2.4.1 Hazardous Wastes
2.4.2 Plastic Waste
2.5 Wastewater Treatment
2.5.1 Physical Methods
2.5.2 Chemical Methods
2.5.3 Biological Methods
2.6 CO2 Emission
2.6.1 Chemical Absorption
2.6.2 Oceanic Sequestration of CO2
2.6.3 Biological Method of CO2 Sequestration
2.6.4 Mineralization of CO2 as Inorganic Carbonates
2.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.8 Conclusions
References
3 Recent Advances in Circular Bioeconomy
3.1 Circular Bioeconomy: Concepts, Elements and Significance
3.1.1 Economic Growth in the Milieu of Finite Natural Resources
3.1.2 Circular Economy and Bioeconomy for Sustainable Growth
3.1.3 Circular Bioeconomy: The Integration of Bioeconomy and Circular Economy
3.1.4 Elements of Circular Bioeconomy
3.1.5 Significance of Circular Bioeconomy
3.2 Diversity of Biomass in Circular Bioeconomy Context
3.2.1 Significance of Biomass in Circular Bioeconomy
3.2.2 Variety of Biomass in Circular Bioeconomy
3.3 Biorefineries for Sustainable Waste Valorization: The Mainstay of Circular Bioeconomy
3.3.1 Types of Biorefineries
3.3.2 Significance of Biorefining in Circular Bioeconomy
3.3.3 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Sustainable Waste Valorization
3.4 Implementation of Circular Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Challenges
3.4.1 Opportunities
3.4.2 Challenges
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Biofuels: An Overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Biofuels
4.2.1 Liquid Biofuels
4.2.2 Gaseous Biofuels
4.2.3 Solid Biofuels
4.3 Generations of Biofuel Feedstocks
4.3.1 First-Generation (G1) Biofuel Feedstocks
4.3.2 Second-Generation (G2) Biofuel Feedstocks
4.3.3 Third-Generation (G3) Biofuel Feedstocks
4.3.4 Fourth-Generation (G4) Biofuel Feedstocks
4.4 Technologies Used for Feedstocks Conversion to Biofuel
4.4.1 Pre-treatment and Hydrolysis
4.4.2 Biochemical Conversion (Including the Catalysts)
4.4.3 Thermochemical Conversion (Including the Catalysts)
References
5 Thermochemical Conversion of Wastes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
5.2.1 Combustion
5.2.2 Torrefaction
5.2.3 Pyrolysis
5.2.4 Gasification
5.2.5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
5.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Different Wastes
5.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Medical Wastes
5.3.2 Conversion of Waste Rubber Seed
5.3.3 Conversion of Sewage Sludge
5.3.4 Conversion of Non-lignocellulosic Biomass
5.3.5 Conversion of Plastic Wastes
5.3.6 Waste Tires as a Thermochemical Process Feedstock
5.3.7 Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass
5.3.8 Conversion of Food Wastes
5.3.9 Conversion of Algae Biomass
5.3.10 Conversion of Banana Leaves
5.3.11 Conversion of Rice Husk
5.3.12 Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse
5.3.13 Conversion of Duckweed
5.3.14 Conversion of Straw Waste
5.4 Bio-oil Upgrading
5.5 Factors Affecting the Bio-oil Composition
5.6 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Anaerobic Digestion of Waste for Biogas Production
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methane and Biogas from Waste Materials in Rural Areas
6.2.1 Methane and Biogas from Straw
6.2.2 Methane and Biogas from Livestock and Poultry Manure
6.3 Methane and Biogas from Municipal Waste
6.3.1 Methane and Biogas Production from Domestic Waste
6.3.2 Methane and Biogas Production from Kitchen Waste
6.3.3 Methane and Biogas from Municipal Sludge
6.3.4 Methane and Biogas Production from Pharmaceutical Wastewater
6.4 Forest Waste Products for Methane and Biogas
6.5 Aquatic Plants Produce Methane and Biogas
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Waste Fermentation for Energy Recovery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fermentation Methods, Modes, and Techniques
7.2.1 Solid-State Fermentation
7.2.2 Liquid Fermentation
7.2.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
7.2.4 Pretreatment Techniques
7.3 Types of Energy from Fermentation
7.3.1 Ethanol
7.3.2 Butanol
7.4 Plants
7.4.1 Biodiversity of Floating Duckweed
7.4.2 Floating Ethanol
7.4.3 Duckweed Butanol
7.4.4 Duckweed Advanced Alcohol
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Esterification/Transesterification of Lipidic Wastes for Biodiesel Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
8.2.1 Edible Plant Oils
8.2.2 Non-edible Plant Oils
8.2.3 Waste Cooking Oils
8.2.4 Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG)
8.2.5 Dairy Wastes
8.2.6 Animal Waste Fats
8.2.7 Algal Oils
8.2.8 Potential of Different Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
8.3 Overview of Biodiesel Production
8.3.1 Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.2 Conversion of Wastes to Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
8.3.3 Non-catalytic Transesterification
8.3.4 Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification
8.4 Biodiesel Quality, Performance, and Exhaust Emissions Characteristics
8.4.1 Biodiesel Characteristics
8.4.2 Engine Performance
8.4.3 Exhaust Emissions
8.5 Pretreatments, Downstream Processing, and By-Products Manipulation
8.5.1 Pretreatment
8.5.2 Downstream Processing and By-Products Manipulation
8.6 Economic Feasibility
8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
9 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for Waste Recycling and Energy Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles for MFCs
9.3 MFCs Microbiology
9.3.1 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
9.3.2 Electricigens
9.4 MFC Structure
9.4.1 Up-Flow MFC
9.4.2 Double-Chamber H-type MFC
9.4.3 Flat MFC
9.4.4 Double Tube Microbial Fuel Cell
9.4.5 Series MFC
9.5 Electrode Materials for MFCs
9.5.1 Anode Materials
9.5.2 Cathode Materials
9.5.3 Membrane
9.5.4 Electrolyte
9.6 Applications of MFCs
9.6.1 MFCs for Wastewater Treatment
9.6.2 Application of MFCs for Desalination
9.6.3 The Application of MFCs for Biosensors
9.7 Prospects of MFCs
9.7.1 Improving the Output Power of MFCs
9.7.2 Improving the Power Generation Capacity of MFCs
9.7.3 Increasing the Use of Biomass Energy
9.7.4 Research on the Combination of Multiple MFCs
9.8 Conclusions
References
10 Energy Recovery from Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 FOG Wastes (Composition and Technical Challenges)
10.3 Types of Pretreatments of FOG Wastes
10.3.1 Acid Esterification
10.3.2 Steam Stripping
10.3.3 Biological Pretreatments
10.3.4 Glycerolysis
10.3.5 Supercritical Esterification
10.4 Different Technologies of Bioenergy Production from FOG
10.4.1 Biodiesel
10.4.2 Anaerobic Technologies
10.4.3 Barriers for Biomethane and Degradation of FOGs by Anaerobic Community
10.4.4 Mitigation of the Inhibition Effect of LCFA Accumulation During Biomethanation
10.4.5 Microbial Activity Responsible for Biomethanization of FOG
10.5 Dual-Fuel Integrated Approach
10.5.1 Biohydrogen and Bioethanol
10.5.2 Sequential Biodiesel and Biomethane
10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11 Energy Recovery from Nuisance Algae Blooms and Residues
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Algae: An Overview
11.3 Nuisance Algal Blooms
11.4 Environmental Issues
11.5 Potential Applications
11.5.1 Algae Blooms as a Source of Biofuels and Bioenergy
11.5.2 Food, Feed, Health, Agricultural, and Other Uses
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) for Waste Heat Utilization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Thermo-environmental Optimization of a Novel Supercritical–Subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle
12.2.1 System Description of STORC
12.2.2 Analysis of STORC Operating Parameters
12.2.3 Thermo-economical Optimization of STORC
12.2.4 Thermo-environmental Optimization of STORC
12.3 Thermo-environmental Optimization of a Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycle (CORC) Using Mixture Working Fluids
12.3.1 System Description
12.3.2 Selection of Working Fluids
12.3.3 Multi-objective Optimization
12.4 Experimental Investigation of Heat Exchanger Characteristics on a 3 kW ORC
12.4.1 Experimental Setup Description
12.4.2 Comparison of Heat Transfer Performance with Various Mass Fraction
12.4.3 Comparison Between the Experimental Test and Simulation Result Without Considering the Pressure Drop
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 CO2-Mediated Energy Conversion and Recycling
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basics for CO2 Utilization
13.3 CO2 Based Fuel Conversion
13.3.1 Syngas Production
13.3.2 Methanol
13.3.3 Methane
13.3.4 Hydrocarbons (C2+)
13.4 Polymers—CO2 Based Plastics
13.4.1 Major Advantages of CO2 Based Plastics
13.4.2 Applications of CO2 Based Plastics
13.4.3 Recycling of Plastics
13.5 Microbial CO2 Fixation and Conversion
13.5.1 Mechanism of Microbial Carbon Fixation
13.5.2 Biomethane
13.5.3 Hydrocarbons
13.5.4 Organic Acids
13.5.5 Lipids
13.5.6 Bioplastics
13.6 Environmental Impact and Future Perspective of CO2 Mediated Energy Conversion
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 Plastic Recycling for Energy Production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Plastic
14.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
14.2.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
14.2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
14.2.4 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
14.2.5 Polypropylene (PP)
14.2.6 Polystyrene (PS)
14.2.7 Other
14.3 Global Potential of Plastic Production
14.4 Conventional Methods for the Treatment of Plastics Waste
14.4.1 Overview of Plastic Waste Recycling
14.4.2 Recycling of Plastic Wastes
14.4.3 Recycling Techniques
14.5 Plastic Recycling for the Production of Value-Added Products
14.5.1 Melt Processing of Thermoplastics
14.5.2 Heat Generation and Distribution
14.5.3 Reprocessing Thermoplastic Recycles
14.5.4 Plastic Conversion to Fuel
14.5.5 Problems Associated with Plastic Recycling Using Conventional Methods
14.5.6 Adverse Environmental Effects of Plastics Recycling by Conventional Methods
14.5.7 Limitations of Different Recycling Methods
14.6 Methods Used for Conversion of Waste Plastic to Energy
14.6.1 Thermal Degradation
14.6.2 Chemical Degradation
14.6.3 Microbial or Biological Degradation of Waste Plastics
14.7 Microbial Enzymes Used in Plastic Degradation
14.8 Economic Feasibility of Plastic Conversion to Fuel
14.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
15 Microbial-Mediated Lignocellulose Conversion to Biodiesel
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Different Biodiesel Feedstocks
15.2.1 Terrestrial Oil-Crops
15.2.2 Lipidic Wastes
15.2.3 Indirect Conversion of Lignocelluloses
15.3 Oleaginous Microbial Conversion
15.4 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass (LCB)
15.4.1 Impact of Structural Features on Fiber Hydrolysis
15.4.2 The Objectives of Pretreatment
15.5 Pretreatment Technologies
15.5.1 Physical Pretreatment
15.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment
15.5.3 Biological Pretreatment
15.5.4 Innovative Pretreatment Technology
15.6 Cultivation of Microalgae on Lignocellulosic Material for Biodiesel Production
15.6.1 Merits of Microalgae Biofilm Systems
15.6.2 Factors Affecting the Biosystems of Algal Biocarriers
15.7 From Pretreated LCB to Lipid at Molecular Level
15.7.1 Lipid Production in Microalgae Compared to Other Oleaginous Microbes
15.7.2 Biotechnological Implications and Prospective
15.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
16 Insect-Mediated Waste Conversion
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biological Characteristics of Resource Insects
16.2.1 Black Soldier Fly
16.2.2 House Fly
16.2.3 Flower Chafer Beetle
16.2.4 Yellow Mealworm
16.2.5 Fresh Fly and Blowfly
16.3 Insect Utilization of Organic Waste
16.3.1 Food Waste
16.3.2 Livestock Manure
16.3.3 Industrial Waste
16.3.4 Agricultural Waste
16.4 Upscaling Insect-Based Waste Bioconversion
16.4.1 Advantages and Limitations
16.4.2 Insect Breeding and Genetic Manipulation
16.4.3 Waste Fermentation
16.4.4 Probiotic Addition
16.5 Regulatory Affairs and Authorization
16.5.1 The Global Situation
16.6 Conclusions and Perspective Work
References
17 Phycoremediation: Role of Microalgae in Waste Management and Energy Production
17.1 Microalgae and Culture Conditions: Overview
17.1.1 Light
17.1.2 Temperature
17.1.3 pH
17.1.4 Aeration and Agitation
17.1.5 Nutrients
17.2 Phycoremediation
17.2.1 The Role of Microalgae in the Effluent Treatment
17.2.2 Facultative Ponds
17.2.3 Activated Sludge Systems
17.2.4 Microalgae Cultivation Systems
17.3 Biological Immobilization Systems
17.3.1 Attachment or Adsorption
17.3.2 Self-Immobilization
17.3.3 Entrapment Within a Matrix
17.3.4 Cells Contained Behind a Barrier
17.4 Cultivation of Immobilized Microalgae
17.4.1 Fluidized Bed Photobioreactors
17.4.2 Biofilm Photobioreactors
17.5 Bioenergy from Microalgae
17.5.1 Biodiesel
17.5.2 Bioethanol
17.5.3 Biomethane and Biohydrogen
17.5.4 Biobutanol
17.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
18 Waste to Energy Plant in Spain: A Case Study Using Technoeconomic Analysis
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Waste to Energy Facilities in Spain
18.2 Methodology and Data
18.2.1 Objective Definition
18.2.2 Description of the Scope of the Study
18.2.3 Waste to Energy Technology
18.2.4 Stakeholders Involved
18.2.5 Analysis of Private Revenues and Costs
18.3 Overview of Environmental and Social Impacts of the ERF
18.3.1 Use of Waste
18.3.2 Reduce Waste Sent to Landfill
18.3.3 Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy
18.3.4 Dependence of Other Companies
18.3.5 Environmental
18.3.6 Climate Change
18.3.7 Public Health
18.3.8 Quality Life
18.3.9 Education
18.3.10 Economic Development of the Area
18.4 Monetary Valuation of Externalities
18.5 Sensitivity Analysis
18.5.1 CO2 Emissions
18.5.2 Public Health
18.5.3 Opportunity Cost of Land
18.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
19 Case Study in Arid and Semi-arid Regions
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Waste Feedstock
19.2.1 Food Loss
19.2.2 Sewage Sludge
19.2.3 Halophytes
19.2.4 Date Palm Waste
19.2.5 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
19.2.6 Other Synthetic and Industrial Waste
19.3 Waste Characteristics
19.3.1 Physical Characteristics
19.3.2 Chemical Characteristics
19.3.3 Thermal Characteristics
19.4 Waste-to-Energy Technologies
19.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion
19.4.2 Biological and Chemical Conversion
19.5 Case Studies
19.5.1 Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge, Salicornia, and Date Palm
19.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
19.5.3 Transesterification and Fermentation of Food Waste
19.6 Challenges and Recommendations
19.7 Conclusions
References
20 Integrated Approaches and Future Perspectives
20.1 Waste Biorefinery as a Recent Trend Towards Circular Bioeconomy
20.2 Integrated Waste Biofuel Production Systems
20.2.1 Jet Biofuel, Ethanol and Power Co-production from Lipid-Cane Whole Crop
20.2.2 Power Generation and Bio-oil Co-production from Jatropha Whole Fruit and Wastes
20.2.3 Biodiesel and Bioethanol Co-production from Waste Glycerol
20.2.4 Biodiesel Followed by Biogas Production from Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG)
20.3 Coastal Integrated Marine Biorefinery (CIMB) System for the Production of Biofuels, High Value Chemicals and Co-products
20.3.1 Bioethanol Followed by Biodiesel Production from Macroalgal Blooms Using a CIMB System
20.3.2 Bioethanol Followed by Biodiesel then Biogas Production from Macroalgal Blooms Using Advanced CIMB System
20.3.3 Biogas Followed by Biodiesel Production from Macroalgal Blooms Using Advanced CIMB System
20.4 Role of Catalysis in Bioenergy Production
20.4.1 Catalysis Role in Pre-treatment of Biomass Waste
20.4.2 Catalysis Role in Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste Conversion
20.4.3 Catalysis Role in Algae Biomass Waste Conversion
20.4.4 Photocatalysis Role in Biomass Waste Conversion
20.5 The Importance of Modelling for Bioenergy and the Role of Wastes
20.5.1 The Role of Modelling in Energy Strategy Development
20.5.2 Role of Resource Modelling Within Bioenergy Strategy Development
20.5.3 Biomass Resource Modelling—Assessing the Potential of Waste Resources
20.5.4 Role of Life Cycle Assessment Modelling Within Bioenergy Strategy Development
20.5.5 Role of Techno-economic Assessment Modelling Within Bioenergy Strategy Development
20.6 Influence of Policy, Legislation and Social Acceptance on Bioenergy from Waste Projects
20.6.1 Policy for Bioenergy from Waste Projects in Different Countries
20.6.2 Gaining Public Acceptance for Energy for Waste Projects
20.7 Conclusions
References