Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy: Towards a Wasteless Future or a Wasteful Planet? (International Solid Waste Association)

✍ Scribed by Antonis Mavropoulos, Anders Waage Nilsen

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 450
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

How the marriage of Industry 4.0 and the Circular Economy can radically transform waste management—and our world 

Do we really have to make a choice between a wasteless and nonproductive world or a wasteful and ultimately self-destructive one? Futurist and world-renowned waste management scientist Antonis Mavropoulos and sustainable business developer and digital strategist Anders Nilsen respond with a ringing and optimistic “No!” They explore the Earth-changing potential of a happy (and wasteless) marriage between Industry 4.0 and a Circular Economy that could—with properly reshaped waste management practices—deliver transformative environmental, health, and societal benefits. This book is about the possibility of a brand-new world and the challenges to achieve it.  

The fourth industrial revolution has given us innovations including robotics, artificial intelligence, 3D-printing, and biotech. By using these technologies to advance the Circular Economy—where industry produces more durable materials and runs on its own byproducts—the waste management industry will become a central element of a more sustainable world and can ensure its own, but well beyond business as usual, future. Mavropoulos and Nilsen look at how this can be achieved—a wasteless world will require more waste management—and examine obstacles and opportunities such as demographics, urbanization, global warming, and the environmental strain caused by the rise of the global middle class.  

·         Explore the new prevention, reduction, and elimination methods transforming waste management 

·         Comprehend and capitalize on the business implications for the sector  

·         Understand the theory via practical examples and case studies 

·         Appreciate the social benefits of the new approach 

Waste-management has always been vital for the protection of health and the environment. Now it can become a crucial role model in showing how Industry 4.0 and the Circular Economy can converge to ensure flourishing, sustainable—and much brighter—future.  

 

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword by Ad Lansink
Foreword by Dimitris Kaliampakos
Foreword by Erik Solheim
Series Preface
Preface
About the Authors
About the Graphic Designer
Endorsements
Glossary
Acronyms
Chapter 1 The End of Business as Usual
1.1 The Trillion-Dollar Question
1.2 The Future Is Warmer, Urbanized, Polluted, and Resource-Hungry
1.3 It Can’t Happen Again
1.4 It’s About People, Not Waste
1.5 About This Book
References
Chapter 2 Understanding Industry 4.0
2.1 The Four Industrial Revolutions
2.1.1 The First Industrial Revolution
2.1.2 The Second Industrial Revolution
2.1.3 The Third Industrial Revolution
2.1.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution
2.2 Industry 4.0
2.2.1 The Technologies that Drive the Revolution
2.2.1.1 Internet of Things
2.2.1.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2.2.1.3 Machine Learning (ML)
2.2.1.4 Autonomous Robots
2.2.1.5 Virtual Simulators
2.2.1.6 New Human–Machine Interfaces
2.2.1.7 Encryption and Cybersecurity
2.2.1.8 Cloud and APIs
2.2.1.9 Additive Manufacturing
2.2.1.10 Blockchain
2.2.1.11 Advanced Materials
2.2.2 What Changes Can Industry 4.0 Enable?
2.2.2.1 Responsive and Flexible Production Systems
2.2.2.2 Integrated Ecosystems
2.2.2.3 Engineering for Life Cycle Throughout the Entire Value Chain
2.2.2.4 Acceleration by the Use of Exponential Technologies
2.2.3 Important Concepts in Industry 4.0 Systems
2.2.3.1 Predictive Maintenance
2.2.3.2 Digital Twins
2.2.3.3 Smart Factories
2.2.3.4 Industrial Symbiosis
2.2.3.5 Lights-Out Manufacturing
2.2.3.6 Edge Computing
2.2.4 Revolution or Evolution?
2.3 More with Less and the Rebound Effect
2.4 Radical Solutions to Difficult Problems
2.4.1 Transforming Business Models
2.4.2 Creating Collaborative Ecosystems
2.4.3 Killer Apps of the Industry 4.0
References
Chapter 3 Un(mis)understanding Circular Economy
3.1 A Global Trend
3.1.1 China and EU Are Leading the Way
3.1.2 Other Government Initiatives
3.1.3 Private Sector Initiatives
3.1.4 Why Now?
3.2 Circular Economy Comes from Our Past
3.2.1 The Post-World War II Acceleration
3.2.2 Industrialization Stimulated the Linearization of the Economy
3.3 What Is a Circular Economy?
3.3.1 Hundred Fourteen Answers for One Question
3.4 From Good Intentions to Science
3.4.1 We Live in a “Full” World
3.4.2 Thermodynamics Are Fundamental
3.5 Circularity Is not Sustainability
3.5.1 Anthropogenic Stocks Are Ignored but Rapidly Growing
3.5.2 What Can We Really Achieve Advancing Circular Economy?
3.6 The Butterfly Effect
3.6.1 How About Composite Materials?
3.6.2 The Importance of the System’s Boundaries
3.7 The End of Growth as We Know It
3.7.1 The End of “Green Growth”
3.7.2 IND4.0 and the Religion of Continuous Growth
3.8 Circular Economy for Whom?
3.8.1 The Social Footprint of Circular Economy Is Shaped by Corporate Interests
3.8.2 Time to Rethink Governance
3.9 It’s Huge, Systemic, Uncertain but Urgently Needed
References
Chapter 4 Redefining Resources and Waste
4.1 IND4.0 Redefines Resources
4.1.1 The Energy Footprint of Digitalization
4.1.2 Metals Are Key for IND4.0
4.1.3 More Food and More Water
4.2 Redefining the Term “Waste”
4.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview
4.2.2 Future Waste Streams
4.2.3 Anthropogenic Stocks
4.2.4 Food Waste
4.2.5 Plastics
4.2.6 E-Waste
4.2.7 Other Important Waste Streams
4.3 Waste Hierarchy: Upgraded or Obsolete?
4.3.1 Critiques About Waste Hierarchy
4.3.2 Looking for More Systemic and Complex Tools
4.3.3 Looking for Alternatives to Waste Hierarchy
4.4 Sorry, Recycling Is Not Circular Economy
4.4.1 Weight-Based Targets Are Misleading
4.4.2 Searching for New Metrics
4.4.3 Losing My (Recycling) Religion
4.4.4 Why Do We Recycle? Service vs. Value Chain
4.4.5 Usual Misconceptions About Recycling
4.5 Waste Management Goes Beyond Waste
4.5.1 Complexity and Uncertainties Become the New Normal
4.6 Final Sinks During the Anthropocene
4.6.1 Chemical Pollution Is a Serious Threat
4.6.2 Clean Material Cycles in Circular Economy Require More Final Finks
4.6.3 Circular Economy Needs More and Better Waste Management
4.6.4 Waste to Energy in Circular Economy
4.6.5 Sanitary Landfills in Circular Economy
4.7 Circularities for Materials-Linearities for People
References
Chapter 5 Waste Management 4.0
5.1 Perceptions and Reality
5.1.1 Expectations for Industry 4.0
5.1.2 The Hype and the Surprise
5.1.3 Dilemmas Facing Waste Management
5.1.4 An Ongoing Transformation
5.2 Hardware in Waste Management
5.2.1 The Connected Devices of Waste Management
5.2.1.1 Smartphones
5.2.1.2 Connected Weights
5.2.1.3 Container Level Sensors
5.2.1.4 RFID Bin Tags and Scanners
5.2.1.5 Smart Locks
5.2.1.6 GPS Trackers
5.2.1.7 Material Scanners
5.2.1.8 Industrial Robots
5.2.1.9 Screening Machines
5.2.2 Integrated Hardware Systems
5.2.2.1 Reverse Vending Machines
5.2.2.2 Underground Container Systems
5.2.2.3 Automated Vacuum Collection (AVAC)
5.2.2.4 Automated Waste Sorting Plants
5.3 Software in Waste Management
5.3.1 The Changing Landscape of Software Development
5.3.1.1 From Servers to Cloud
5.3.1.2 From Files to APIs
5.3.1.3 From Monoliths to Modules
5.3.1.4 From Centralized to Distributed Architecture
5.3.1.5 From Reactive to Predictive Software
5.3.2 Current Software in Waste Management
5.3.2.1 ERP Systems
5.3.2.2 Customer Management Systems
5.3.2.3 Project Management Software (PMS)
5.3.2.4 Data Lakes and Data Warehouses
5.3.2.5 Fleet Management Systems
5.3.2.6 Route Planning Software
5.3.2.7 Field Reporting Software
5.3.2.8 Customer Apps
5.3.2.9 Marketplace Software
5.3.3 Dealing with Complexity and Creating Higher-Level Systems
5.3.3.1 Connectivity/Integration Platforms
5.3.3.2 Cloud Communications Platforms
5.3.3.3 Smart Contract Frameworks
5.3.3.4 Code Repositories
5.4 Selected Case Studies
5.4.1 Developing a Platform to Simplify Access Management Across Different Technical Solutions
5.4.2 Using Bin Sensors to Decrease Overflowing Trash Cans with 80%
5.4.3 Creating Symbiosis-Like Industrial Parks to Curb Emissions and Increase Resource Productivity
5.4.4 Enabling a Fully Automated Waste Processing Facility
5.5 The Value of Openness
References
Chapter 6 Towards the Digitalization of the Waste Industry
6.1 From Waste Management to Resource Innovation
6.1.1 A Fundamental Shift
6.1.2 Risks and Challenges
6.1.3 From Specific to Holistic Problem Solving
6.2 Leadership and Management
6.2.1 Long-Term Vision or Short-Term Pragmatism?
6.2.2 Leadership Styles and Strategies
6.2.3 Choosing the Right Innovation Methodology
6.2.3.1 Design Thinking
6.2.3.2 Lean Start-Up
6.2.3.3 Agile
6.2.4 Building Industrial Ecosystems
6.2.5 Dealing with Complexity
6.2.6 Political Leadership
6.3 Exploration Versus Exploitation
6.3.1 Playing with Both Hands
6.3.2 The Three Types of Innovation
6.3.3 Resource Optimization: The Forgotten Perspective
6.4 From Digitalization to New Business Models
6.4.1 Sustainability as a Driver of Value
6.4.2 The Elements of a Business Model
6.4.3 Business Model Experiments: The RESTART Approach
6.5 Democratizing Technology
6.5.1 The Benefits of Openness
6.5.2 Creating and Promoting Shared Standards
6.5.3 Global Collaboration for the Common Good?
References
Chapter 7 The Rise of a New Science
7.1 The Rise of Urban Informatics
7.1.1 New Answers to Old Questions, but Not for Free
7.1.2 Citizens’ Engagement
7.1.3 More Challenges
7.2 Islands of Information in Oceans of Big Data
7.2.1 Understanding Cities
7.2.2 Understanding Supply Chains
7.2.3 Understanding Waste Management
7.2.4 Mobile Phones Are the Key to Create New Big Data Sets
7.2.5 Predicting Pandemics
7.3 The Dark Side of the Moon
7.3.1 Surveillance Capitalism?
7.4 From Cities as Machines to Cities as Organisms
7.4.1 Urban Theories and the Role of Scaling
7.4.2 From Urban Scaling to Urban Sustainability
7.4.3 Big Data Meets the New Urban Science
7.5 Circular Economy: Digitized or Dead
References
Chapter 8 Stairway to Heaven or Highway to Hell?
8.1 Circular Economy or Space Race?
8.2 Circular Economy and IND4.0 as Essentially Contested Concepts
8.3 Squeezing IND4.0 – Undermining Circular Economy
8.4 Governance Is the Key – Cities Are the Lock
8.5 Beyond Business as Usual Optimization
8.6 Environmental Incrementalism? No, Thanks
8.7 IND4.0 Meets the Horse Manure Crisis
8.8 No Sanitation = No Sustainability
8.9 Ask Sisyphus the Trillion-Dollar Question
References
Epilogue: The Future Starts with You
Epilogue: Towards Irreversible Wastelands
Index
EULA