Title Page
Foreword
Organization
Table of Contents
Part I Cross-Cultural Design
Panel Discussion: Global Innovative Design for Social Change
Introduction by Nuray Aykin
Apala Lahiri Chavan’s Statement
Susan Dray’s Statement
Girish Prabhu’s Statement
References
Enabling User Centered Design Processes in Open Source Communities
Introduction
TYPO3
The Method
First Intervention: The Ambassador Project
Second Intervention: The Learning Project
Analysis
OSS Discourse, Ideology and Practice
Praxis
Communication – The Medium
Conclusion
References
A Dramatic Day in the Life of a Shared Indian Mobile Phone
Dramatic Conflict
Scene 1
Scene 2
Scene 3
Collectivism Defined
Culture Strain
Some Examples of ‘Culturally’ Dual Purpose Products
Cell Phone
Television
Conclusion - Compensatory Model the Way to Super Hit Opportunity Spaces?
References
Smart Strategies for Creating Culture Friendly Products and Interfaces
To Do or Not to Do…That Is Still the Question!
And so to Cultural Dimensions
Relating Cultural Dimensions to Users and What They Use –Two Examples
The Differential Effect of Brand on Asian (Collectivist) Versus American (Individualist) Consumers (Nancy Wong, Bernd Schmitt)
Culture Explains (de Mooij1997, 1998, 2000, 2001)
And so, Can This Lead to a Smart Strategy?
Conclusion
References
When in Rome… Be Yourself: A Perspective on Dealing with Cultural Dissimilarities in Ethnography
Introduction
Role of Ethnography in Innovation
Ethnography: Introduction
Cultural Differences
Addressing Cultural Differences: Traditional Ethnography vs Design Ethnography
Neutrality vs Immersion
Conclusion - Stranger in a Strange Land!
References
Designing User Interfaces for Mobile Entertaining Devices with Cross-Cultural Considerations
Introduction
What Is Culture?
Designing International User Interfaces with Cross-Cultural Considerations
The OED and ODM Design Process in Taiwan
Understand the Design Goal
Plan for Systematic and Series Designs
Communicate Well with Other Design Teams
Conduct User Interface Design
Implement Cross-Cultural Design Considerations
Construct User Interface Prototypes
Conduct Interface Usability Testing
Conclusion
References
Kansei Design with Cross Cultural Perspectives
Introduction
Purposes and Objectives
Processes and Steps
Subjects and Scopes
Theoretical Bases
Cultural Studies
Formal Features
Kansei Engineering
Processes
Collecting Samples and Kansei Words
Selecting Representative Samples and Kansei Words
Extracting Design Elements
Designing Questionnaires
Conducting Experiments
Analyzing Results
Conclusions and Discussions
References
The Challenge of Dealing with Cultural Differences in Industrial Design in Emerging Countries: Latin- American Case Studies
Introduction
Methodology
Cases Studies
Case Study 1: Prostheses Leg for Developing Countries
Case Study 2: Mobile Phones in Latin America
Case Study 3: A Stove for the Base of the Pyramid^7
Conclusion
References
Emerging Issues in Doing Cross-Cultural Research in Multicultural and Multilingual Societies
Introduction
Research Methodology in Cross-Cultural Research
Conceptual Equivalence
Measurement Applicability
Translation Quality
Response Styles
Sampling
Conclusion
References
The Digital and the Divine: Taking a Ritual View of Communication and ICT Interaction
Introduction
A Ritual Model of Communication
Methods
Cases from Ethnographic Research
ICT Interactions as Supporting and Extending Ritual
ICTS Interactions and the Memorialization of Ritual
ICTS as Signs in Ritual
Discussion
References
Shanghaied in a User-Friendly Manner - An American’s Initial Experiences in a Full-Time Usability Job in China
Introduction
Before China
Work in China
Disclosure of a One-Way Mirror
The Dialects of China
Translating Culture
Applying Personal Experiences to Work
Office Culture
Conclusion
A Tool for Cross-Cultural Human Computer Interaction Analysis
Introduction
A Tool for the Analysis of Cultural Differences in HCI
Basic Reflections
Study and Data Collection
Discussion: Scope, Reliability and Benefit of the IIA-Tool
Conclusion
Outlook
References
Locating Culture in HCI with Information Kiosks and Social Networks
Introduction
Related Work: Culture in HCI
System Design and Implementation
UbiCoAssist System Overview
Methodology
User Study
Patterns of Login Error
Culture and Access
Implications and Further Work
References
HCI and SE – The Cultures of the Professions
Introduction
Case Studies
A Last Straw Project
HCI Design Without HCI Designers
Users Reject Unusable Software
Usability Group in Project Conceptualization
Lessons About the Cultures of Professions
Conclusion and Further Work
References
Development of Integrated Analysis System and Tool of Perception, Recognition, and Behavior for Web Usability Test: With Emphasis on Eye-Tracking, Mouse-Tracking, and Retrospective Think Aloud
Introduction
Web Usability Methods and User Experience Review
Classification of Web Users’ Experience
Observation Methods for Each Specific Experience
EMT System: Integrated Evaluation System of Perception/Recognition/Behavior
Introduction of EMT System
Constitution and Progress of EMT System
Analysis Frameworks
EMT Tool: Integrated Evaluation Tool of Perception/Recognition/Behavior
Development of EMT Tool
Scenario of EMT Tool’s Application
Realization of EMT Tool
Conclusion and Future Study
References
Cultural Difference and Its Effects on User Research Methodologies
Introduction
Study of Background Theory – Cultural Difference
Cultural Variables
Culture and Politeness Theory
Relationship Between Cultural Difference and User Research Methods
Classification of User Research Methods Regarding Communication Pattern
Extraction of Influential Factors
Results and Analysis
Experiment Design
Results
Discussion
Conclusion and Future Research
References
A Development of Graphical Interface for Decision Making Process Including Real-Time Consistency Evaluation
Introduction
Decomposition of the Decision Problem
Pair-Wise Comparison Between Alternatives
Synthesis of the Priorities
Consistency Evaluation in AHP
Consistency Index
Consistency Ratio
Real-Time Priority Setting
Graphical Expression
Algorithm
Rationality Tension
Algorithm
Visualization
C.R(Consistency Ratio) vs R.T(Rationality Tension)
Conclusion
References
Using Webzine to Create Effective Communications Between China and the West
Introduction
Cultural Differences
uiGarden Webzine
Motivation
The Birth of uiGarden
Conclusions
References
Designing “Culture” into Modern Product: A Case Study of Cultural Product Design
Introduction
Taiwan Aboriginal Culture
A Cultural Product Design Model
Design Case Study of Scenario and Story-Telling Approach
Conclusion
References
Digital Archive Database for Cultural Product Design
Introduction
Culture and Cultural Design Features
Cultural Levels and Design Features
Cultural Feature Transformation Model
Applications of Digital Archive Database
Conclusion and Suggestion
References
Cross-Cultural Understanding of Content and Interface in the Context of E-Learning Systems
Introduction
Purpose of study
Methodology - The Experiment
Summary of Results
Participants’ Characteristics
Cultural Evaluation
Working with the WebCt and CLC Websites
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Differences in Task Descriptions in the Think Aloud Test
Introduction
Remote TA Tests
The Study
Analyses
TA Tests and Culture
Conclusion
References
The Use of Cognitive and Social Psychological Principles in Field Research: How It Furthers Our Understanding of User Behaviors, Needs and Motivations, and Informs the Product Design Process
Introduction
Goals of Buyer Research
Data Analysis and Synthesis
Insight Generation and Deliverables
Conclusion
References
The Role of Annotation in Intercultural Communication
Introduction
Multilingual Chat Tool AnnoChat
Design Policy
System Configuration
Functions of AnnoChat
Experiments and Results
Experimental Procedure
Results of Annotation
Discussion
Effectiveness of Annotations
Details of Annotation
Communication Through Translation
Conclusion
References
An Activity Approach to Cross-Cultural Design
The Dilemma of Culture in Cross-Cultural Design
Common Views of Culture in Cross-Cultural Design
Empiricist View
Positivist View
Semi-contextualist View
An Activity Approach to Cross-Cultural Design
Activity Theory: Examining Concrete Use Activities in Local Contexts
Genre Theory: Investigating Structuring Forces Behind Habituated Uses
British Cultural Studies: Interpreting Local Use as Cultural Consumption
The Case of Mobile Text Messaging
References
Creating an International Design Team
Introduction
Process
Differences…Challenges
Process and Remote Workflow
Culture
Organizational Challenges
Celebrations
Lessons Learned
Future Vision
Incorporating the Cultural Dimensions into the Theoretical Framework of Website Information Architecture
Introduction
Culture Ascription on Website Information Architecture: A Theoretical Base
Practical Implication of Cultural Website Information Architecture
Impact of Culture on Navigation Dimension
Impact of Culture on Content Dimension
Impact of Culture on Context Dimension
Conclusion and Future Works
References
Part II International and Intercultural Usability
Cross-Use: Cross-Cultural Usability User Evaluation- In-Context
Introduction
Cross-Use: Method and Process
Variables and Participants
Procedure and Materials
Objectives and Hypotheses
The Cross-Use Experiment
Cross-Cultural Design Preferences
Cross-Cultural Design Usability
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Testing Remote Users: An Innovative Technology
Introduction
Remote Usability: Challenges and Requirements
Case Study: An Enterprise Network and Systems Management Application Remote Usability Test
Finding Users and Design Partnership Program
Test Preparation
User Preparation
Test Instructions
Test Results
Results: Advantages and Disadvantages
Cost Analysis
Conclusions: Findings and Future Research
References
Web Usability and Evaluation: Issues and Concerns
Introduction
Comparison of Heuristics Evaluation and Usability Testing
Comparison of Remote Testing Versus Direct Testing
Cultural Differences in Web Usability
Web Personalization Study
Discussion
Bibliography
The Impact of Different Icon Sets on the Usability of a Word Processor
Introduction
Usability
Icons
Research Procedure
Method
Word Processor Prototype
Interface
Subjects
Testing Environment
Analysis
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Analysis of Score
Analysis of Time
Conclusion
References
Systems Development Methods and Usability in Norway: An Industrial Perspective
Introduction
Assumptions and Hypotheses
Research Method
Sampling and Sampling Design
Research Design
Results and Discussion
Adoption of SDM
Adoption of Usability Techniques
The Relationship Between SDM and Usability
Limitations
Conclusions
References
Activities for Usability in Lenovo China
Introduction
Frame and Contributions of Usability in Lenovo China
Frame of Usability
Contributions to Business
Cases Study
Case 1: Improve Usability Quality for Mobile Phone
Case 2: Elicite Innovation for Desktop
Discussion
Summary
References
The Cultural Usability (CULTUSAB) Project: Studies of Cultural Models in Psychological Usability Evaluation Methods
Introduction
Motivation and Purpose
Cultural Usability and Usability Evaluation Methods
Background
Approach and Method
Social Psychological Approach to Cultural Usability
Expected Outcomes of Cultural Usability Research
Practical Application of Results
Publication of Results
International Collaboration and Methods Development
Educational Benefits
Future Research Agenda
References
Cultural Usability Tests – How Usability Tests Are Not the Same All over the World
Introduction
Method
Results
Cultural Diversity in Moderators and Test Users
The Usability Test as an Institution
The Test Application
Experienced Usability Problems and Usability Report
Discussion
References
Getting the Most Out of Personas for Product Usability Enhancements
Background of Personas and Its Challenge in Driving Usability Improvements
Process of Creating Personas (Identifying and Prioritizing Attributes)
Using Persona in Design Iterations and Usability Evaluations
Communicating Persona to the Business
Learning / Next Steps
References
Testing Object Management (TOM): A Prototype for Usability Knowledge Management in Global Software
Introduction
Current Approach
Network/Object Centered Approach
Usability Test Result Object
Tools for Knowledge Sharing
Repository Model
Repository Tools
Connecting Guidelines and Patterns
Conclusion
References
Assessing Usability Problems in Latin-American Academic Webpages with Cognitive Walkthroughs and Datamining Techniques
Introduction and Motivations
Knowledge Discovering in Databases: Overview
Our Proposal. The $QUTC_KDD$ Process
Experimentation in a Latin-American Context of Use
Conclusions. Related and Future Work
Usability Constructs: A Cross-Cultural Study of How Users and Developers Experience Their Use of Information Systems
Introduction
Related Work
Method
Participants
Procedure
Interviewer Preparations
Results
Participants’ Choice of Systems
Constructs Used by Individual Participants
Differences Among System Types
Differences Between Stakeholder Groups
Differences Across Cultural Backgrounds
Discussion and Conclusion
References
A Study for Usability Risk Level in Physical User Interface of Mobile Phone
Introduction
Literature Review
Risk Level Evaluation Methodology
Feature Analysis of Mobile Devices
Requirement Collecting and Weight Assessment
Risk Level Definition
Risk Level Evaluation
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Tracing Cognitive Processes for Usability Evaluation: A Cross Cultural Mind Tape Study
Introduction
Method
Website Explorations
Results
Mind Tape Study
Rankings of the Websites by the Subjects Under Different Criteria
Grading of the Websites by the Subjects
Discussion and Conclusion
Hand Eye Coordination
Quality of Mind Tape Verbalisation
Cross-Cultural Similarity in Cognitive Processes Employed
Cross-Cultural Similarity in Cognitive Processes Employed
Rankings of the Websites $(Table 4)$
Ratings of the Websites $(Table 5)$
Future Work
References
Lessons from Applying Usability Engineering to Fast-Paced Product Development Organizations
Introduction
Chasing Usability
Challenges to Usability Engineering
Lessons and Suggestions
Conclusion
References
An Axiomatic Method for Cross Cultural Usability Analysis
Introduction
Study Culture Together with Human Cognition and Perception
Focus More on Culture Similarities Than Differences
Study Culture Together with the Context of Use
Axiomatic Design
Case Study: Alarm Icon Design
Conclusion
References
The Impact of Culture on Usability: Designing Usable Products for the International User
Introduction
Cultural Dimensions and Usable Product Design
Four Strategies for Designing Usable International Products
Know the International User
Know the User’s Language
Know Cultural Implications and Use of Colour
Know Cultural Use of Symbols
Conclusion
References
A Digital Training System for Freehand Sketch Practice
Background and Goal
CAS and CAI Systems
Foot-Point Method and Its Required Information
Perspective Practice System
Basic Exercise Component
Advanced Refinement Component
Conclusions and Suggestions
References
Culture Issues in Traffic Sign Usability
Introduction
Usability
Culture
Traffic Sign
Aim
Experiments
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Results and Discussion
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Conclusion
References
International Remote Usability Evaluation: The Bliss of Not Being There
Introduction
Evaluation Procedure
Expert Evaluations
Planning of the Usability Tests
Usability Tests in Finland
Usability Test Manual
Training Session
Remote Tests in Other Partner Countries
The Overall Results
Reliability and Validity of the Test Results
Conclusions
A Framework for Evaluating the Usability of Spoken Language Dialog Systems (SLDSs)
Introduction
Usability Evaluation Framework for SLDSs
’What to Evaluate’
’How to Evaluate’
Validation of the Proposed Framework
Conclusion
References
Usability of Adaptable and Adaptive Menus
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Towards Detecting Cognitive Load and Emotions in Usability Studies Using the RealEYES Framework
Introduction
The RealEYES Framework
The Structure of the Framework
The Tools of the Framework
Extensions of the RealEYES Framework
Sensor Hardware
Emotion Detection on Physiology Data
Integration into RealEYES Tools
Conclusions
References
Relationship Model in Cultural Usability Testing
Introduction
Two Kinds of Relationships in Usability Testing
Culture and Culture Theory
Previous Work on Relationship in Cultural Usability
Main Factors in Cultural Usability Testing
Evaluator and User’s Cultural Background
The Application/Software/Interface Being Tested
Evaluator Effect
Relationship Model in Culture Usability Testing
Two Thinking Aloud Theories in Cross-Culture Usability Testing
Conclusion
References
An Empirical Evaluation of Graphical Usable Interface on Mobile Chat
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Design and Methodology
Overview
Demography of Test Subjects
Materials Used
Experiments
Findings, Results and Discussions
Hypotheses
Background of Test Subjects
Hypotheses Evaluation
Relationship Between User Interface and Usability of TMC
Relationship Between User Interface and Usability of GMC
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
A Tale of Two Teams: Success and Failure in Virtual Team Meetings
Introduction
Description of the Software Team
Description of the Research Instrument Team
Management Practices of the Team Leader
Meeting Difficulties for Both Teams
Meeting Difficulties for the Software Team
What Caused the Software Team to Fail?
Conclusion
References
Assumptions Considered Harmful The Need to Redefine Usability
Introduction
Internationalisation Efforts
Cultural Models and User Interface Design
Cultural Validity of Usability Methods
Invalid Assumptions -- A Cross-Cultural Challenge
What Really Does ''Usability'' Mean?
The Origin of ''Usability''
A Conceptualisation of Usability in Namibia
Culture-Centric Development (CCD)
A Framework for Culture-Centric Design
Project Management
Development Process
Culture-Centric Development in Western Cultures
Conclusion
Analyzing Non-verbal Cues in Usability Evaluation Tests
Introduction
Method
Stage One : Think Aloud Tests with Interaction Analysis Setting
Stage Two: Think Aloud Tests with Facial Expression Recording Setting
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Future Work
References
Online Analysis of Hierarchical Events in Meetings
Introduction
Meeting Recoding Configuration
Hierarchical Events Model
Definition of Events
Hierarchical Dynamic Bayesian Network
Inference
Experiment Results
Conclusion
References
Part III User Studies
A Cross Culture Study on Phone Carrying and Physical Personalization
Introduction
Previous Studies
Design Research
Phone Carrying Behavior
Carrying Options
Incoming Notification
Carrying Decisions
Appearance Personalization
Personalization Practice
Reason Analysis
Discussions
User Experience Attributes in Carrying
Cultural Differences
Design Implications
Conclusions
References
Performance Modeling Using Anthropometry for Minority Population
Introduction
Method
Results
Conclusion
References
Investigating the Differences in Web Browsing Behaviour of Chinese and European Users Using Mouse Tracking
Introduction
Experiment Design
Mouse Tracker
Experiment Pages
Tasks
Participants
Procedure
Results
Mouse Movement Patterns
Differences in Search Performance
Conclusion
References
The Effect of Morphological Elements on the Icon Recognition in Smart Phones
Introduction
Literature Review
The Definition of Smart Phone
The Classification of Graphic Icons
Studies of the Evaluation of Icons
Morphological Analysis
Method
The Research Process
Participants
Results and Discussions
Basic Data
Icons Recognition Rate Analysis
Analysis of the Recognition Rate Against Design Background
The Effect of Morphological Elements
The Analysis of Confusing Matrix
Conclusion
References
Performance Evaluation of the Wheel Navigation Key Used for Mobile Phone and MP3
Introduction
Method
Participants
Experimental Hypothesis
Equipments
Experimental Design
Procedure
Analysis
Results
Performance in Mobile Phone
Performance in mp3
Subjective Rating for Satisfaction
Discussion
References
Correlation Between Cognitive Style and Structure and Flow in Mobile Phone Interface: Comparing Performance and Preference of Korean and Dutch Users
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Hypothesis
Menu Structure and Categorization Style
Interaction Flow and Task Handling Style
Experiment
Procedure
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Discussion and Implication
Conclusion
References
Incorporating JND into the Design of Mobile Device Display
Introduction
Method
Experiment 1: Evaluation of User Satisfaction
Experiment 2: Measurement of JND
Results
Experiment 1: Evaluation of User Satisfaction
Experiment 2: Measurement of JND
Conclusion
References
Fit Evaluation of 3D Virtual Garment
Introduction
Methods
Apparel Pattern Preparation
Experimental Garments
Comparative Experimental Garments
Visual Analysis of the Virtual and the Real Garments
Deviation Analysis of the Virtual and the Real Garments
Results
Virtual Garment Simulation
Visual Analysis of the Virtual and the Real Garments
Deviation Analysis of the Virtual and the Real Garments
Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Two Pointing Control Devices for a Cellular Phone
Introduction
Performance Measurement
Throughput
Results
User Acceptance Measurement
User Interface (UI) Checklist Analysis
Results
Discussion
References
Design and Evaluation of a Handled Trackball as a Robust Interface in Motion
Introduction
Method
Participants
Equipment
Experimental Task and Design
Subjective Evaluation
Results
Results of the Experimental Task
Subjective Evaluation Results
Analysis of Fatigue Questionnaires
Analysis of Usability Questionnaires
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Impact of Culture on International User Research -A Case Study: Integration Pre-study in Paper Mills
Introduction
Background
Aim of the Research and Research Question
Cultural Theory
User Study in the Paper Mills
Methods
Analysis
Experiences on Interviews and Observations from a Paper Mill Study
Finland
Spain
Indonesia
China
Discussion of the Methods
Conclusions
References
Computer Mediated Banking: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of SMEs
Introduction
Theoretical Basis
Description of the Pentad
Research Methods
Usability of Banking Interfaces
The Elements
Communicative Acts
Patterns of Usage Within SMEs
Conclusion
References
A Comparative Study of Thai and UK Older Web Users
Introduction and Background
Stimuli and Participants
Results
Internet Usage
Browser, Browsing Devices and Windows
Browsing Tasks
Users’ Mental Models
Problem and Difficulties
Further Needs
Discussion and Conclusions
Reason for Internet Usage
Browser, Browsing Device and Window
Browsing Tasks
Problems and Difficulties
Further Needs
Summary
Limitations of the Study
References
A Qualitative Oriented Study About IT Procurement Processes: Comparison of 4 European Countries
Introduction
Research Questions
Method
Results
Stages of IT Procurement – Who Is Involved?
Identify Needs
Research Suppliers
Choose a Supplier
Buy the Product
Set Up the Product
Support and Maintenance
Evaluation of the WebPages
Branding
Summary and Recommendations
An Empirical Study on the Smallest Comfortable Button/Icon Size on Touch Screen
Introduction
Method
Experimental Τask
Experimental Design
Participants
Results
Percentage of Correct Inputs
Reaction Time (RT)
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Usability Evaluation of Children Edutainment Software
Introduction
Related Works
State of the Art in Children’s Edutainment Software
Scenario-Based Design
The Children Heaven Edutainment Software
Software Scenario-Based Usability Evaluation Method for Software
Interface Scenarios
Scenario-Based Usability Evaluation Method for Software
Usability Evaluation for Children Heaven Edutainment Software
Evaluation Method
Evaluation Experiments and Analysis
Conclusion
References
Effect of Different Modal Feedback on Attention Recovery
Introduction
Methods
Analysis
Results
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Do We Talk Differently: Cross Culture Study on Conference Call
Introduction
Culture Study on Communication Style
Method
Participants
Procedure
Data Coding
Results
Culture Differences in Conference Call
When Oriental Meets Occidental: Problems in Interaction
Measures to Avoid Culture Shock: Culture Awareness
Conclusions and Future Research
References
The Mobile Phone’s Optimal Vibration Frequency in Mobile Environments
Introduction
Background
Limited Attentiveness to Mobile Phone in Mobile Environments
Vibrotactile Perception
Methods
Subjects
Apparatus
Experimental Design and Procedure
Results
Discussions
Conclusions
References
A Comparative Study of Mid-market IT Customers in China and U.S.
Background
A Case Study in “Localizing the Study”
Independent Variable Modifications
Study Material Differences
Procedural Modifications
Differences in Results
Summary
Reference
Author Index