Title Page
Foreword
Organization
Table of Contents
Part I Designing for Universal AccessI
Fundamentals of Inclusive HCI Design
Rationale
Advantages of Inclusive Design
Current Restrictions to Inclusive Design
Conditions for Inclusive Design
User Integration in the Project
Ethical Risks Avoidance
Social Risks Avoidance
Inclusive Design vs. Assistive Technology
The Need for a Model Leading Technology Development
Conclusion
References
Ensuring Access to the Information Society for People with Disabilities Through Effective Use of Design for All Methodologies
Introduction
Method
Results
Description of Project Participants
Presentation of Student’s Online Discussion
Summary of Student Discussions
Discussion
References
Investigating the Use and Adoption of Self-service Technology in China
Introduction
Background
Self-service Technology – Automated Teller Machines
Phase I – Preliminary Investigation
Phase II – Usability Evaluation
Operations – Cash Deposit
Phase I – Survey Enquiry
Phase II – Usability Evaluation
Enhanced Security – Biometrics
Phase I – Survey Enquiry
Phase II – Sensor Testing
Discussion
References
Determining Accessibility Needs Through User Goals
Introduction
Norman's Stages of Action
Goals of Information Access
Goals and Accessibility Needs
The Accessibility Information Matrix
Discussion
Conclusion
References
“It’s Not What You Do, It’s the Way That You Do It”: The Challenge Workshop - A Designer-Centred Inclusive Design Knowledge Transfer Mechanism for Different Contexts
Introduction
The DBA Inclusive Design Challenge
Disability as Creative Trigger
The Challenge Format
The Development of the Challenge Workshop
The Role of Visualizers
The 24 Hour Inclusive Design Challenge
Mixed Discipline Collaborative Workshops
Immersive Workshops for Students
Problem Areas
The 48 Hour Inclusive Design Challenges - Japan and Singapore
In Conclusion
References
Meta-design to Face Co-evolution and Communication Gaps Between Users and Designers
Introduction
Competent Practitioners as Users
Communication Gaps Among Stakeholders
Co-evolution of Users and Systems
Meta-design
The Software Shaping Workshop Methodology
Software Shaping Workshops
Communication Among SSW
Conclusion
References
Enabling International Usability Using Multicultural and Geographically Disperse Teams
Introduction: Addressing the Challenge
Project Management and Logistics
Creating Project Budgets
Recruiting Participants
Renting Testing Facilities, Equipment and Services
Translation of Test Documents
Legal Requirements for Consent
Recruiting Moderators and Translators
Establish Local Partners
International Teams for Moderation of Tests
Ensuring Consistency and Quality Control
Test Design and Methodology
Test Documentation and Translation
Design and Prototype Translation
Methodology vs. Culture
Reduction and Translation of Data
Analysis of Data
Alternative Methods for Small Budgets
Moderated Remote Usability Tests
Un-moderated Remote Usability Tests
Mixing of Traditional UT and Remote Testing for Validity
Conclusion
Shifting Paradigms in Universal Design
Introduction
Shifting Paradigms 1
An Assistive Technology Approach − ‘Top-Down’
An Idealistic Universal Design Approach – ‘Bottom-Up’
An Integrated Universal Design Approach – ‘Diversity-Focussed’
Summary and Comparison
Shifting Paradigms 2
Systematic Approaches
Inspirational Approaches
User-Modeling Approaches
Summary
Challenges for Universal Design in the Context of HEF Evolution
Conclusions
References
Dealing with the Challenges of Interpreting International User Research
Introduction
Common Challenges
Cultural False Positives
Over-Generalization
False Assumptions About Base Rates
Missing Important Cues
Stereotyping
How to Avoid These Pitfalls
Planning and Preparation Is Key
Combine “Insider” and “Outsider” Perceptions
Keep an Open Mind and Constantly Question Your Interpretations
Don’t Assume Everything Is Cultural
Don’t Overload the Experience
Conclusions
References
Privacy Issues for the Disclosure of Emotions to Remote Acquaintances Without Simultaneous Communication
Introduction
Background Information
Scope Covered
Design of a System Dedicated to the Family and Friends
Machine Side
Acquisition of Data and Information
Transmission, Storage and Processing
User Side
Multi-modal Rendering
Interactions
Global Issues
Future Works
References
Strategic User Research at Home and Abroad
Introduction
Workflow and Feature Opportunities
Fundamentally Different Product
New Markets
Corporate Strategy and Window-on-the-Future
Conclusion
Designing for Inclusivity
Introduction: Inclusivity
Social Intelligence, Human Synchrony and Coordination
Embeddedness and Embodiment
Actuality and Reality Gap
Privacy and Trust
Autonomy and Coordinated Action
Human-Centredness- Methodology for Inclusive Design
References
CBEADS^©: A Framework to Support Meta-design Paradigm
Introduction
Related Work
Meta Model for Web-Based Business Applications
Shell Level
Application Level
Function Level
CBEADS^© Architecture
Developing an Application Using CBEADS^©
Conclusion and Future Work
References
Formats for User Data in Inclusive Design
Introduction
Methodology of the Study
Findings
Information Sources Used
Information Formats Used
Difficulties with Information
Information that Designers Like
Discussion
Implications for Presentation of User Information
Categorisation of Information Presentation
Discussion of Some Specific Types of User Information
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Designers’ Perceptions of Methods of Involving and Understanding Users
Introduction
Related Work
Method
A Representative Set of Design Methods
Interview Procedure
Results and Analysis
Unconstrained Card Sort
Guided Card Sort
Discussion
Types of Groupings
Identified Clusters
Preferences and Frequency of Use
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Redesigning Earplugs: Issues Relating to Desirability and Universal Access
Introduction
Background
Related Studies
Design Brief
Method
Research Methods
Results
An Example
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Universal Design and Mobile Devices
Trends and Developments
Development of the Self-service Society
The Mobile Phone Industry
Elderly and Disabled People as Important User Populations
Towards Universally Designed HCI on Mobile Phones
State of the Art
Mobile Usability Based on Principles for Universal Design
Case: The Mobile Tax Demonstrator
Concluding Remarks
References
A Method of Design Improvement with the Structured Product Concept
Introduction
A Method of HDT (Human Design Technology)
The Case Study of the Panel Design Improvement
Outline of the Home Security System
Improvement Based on HDT
Conclusions
References
Scenario-Based Design as an Approach to Enhance User Involvement and Innovation
Introduction
Scenario-Based Design Projects
mmHACS
KEN
Käykse
Nomadic Media and Mimosa
User Involvement and Innovations
Conclusions
References
Customer-Centered Product and Brand Experience Design in China – What HP Is Learning
Introduction
Case Study: A Usability Test
What’s Next
References
A Study of Motivated Interface Based on Human Centered Design
Introduction
Purpose
Viewpoints of Study
Survey 1 (Evaluation Grid)
Procedure of Survey
Results and Discussions
Survey 2 (Web Questionnaire)
Procedure of Survey
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Children – Computer Interaction: An Inclusive Design Process for the Design of Our Future Playground
Introduction
Popularism in Design
Design with But Not for People
Case Study: Designing an Interactive Playground for Our Future Selves
Define Stage – Winner of a Design Concept Competition
Develop Stage – Conducting Creative User Research Workshops
Delivery Stage – Developing a Creative Solution for All
The Lessons: Participants’ Perspectives
Users’ Perspectives
Designers’ Perspectives
Collaborators’ Perspectives
Conclusions: Knowledge Exchange of Inclusive Design
References
Local Voice in a Global World – User-Centered Design in Support of Everyday Practices
Introduction: A Need for Locally Meaningful Objects for Local Users
Co-design
The Significance of Practices
Experience with Active Seniors
Active Seniors
Co-design with Active Seniors
From Safety and Security to a Community Calendar
A Calendar Called Miina
A Model for Local Design in a Global World of Technology
Conclusions
References
Designing “Height” into Daily Used Products - A Case Study of Universal Design
Introduction
Ergonomic Considerations Regarding “Height”
Anthropometric Data
Universal Design
Comfort Factors
Three Cases Study of “Height”
A Case Study of School Furniture
A Universal Design Case Study from Japan
A Case Regarding Universal Design of ‘Height’
The User/Product/Effect Model
The Application of User/Product/Effect Model
Case one – School Furniture
Case 2 – Public Furniture
Conclusion
References
Designing Data to be Inclusive: Enabling Cross-Disciplinary and Participative Processes
Introduction
Problems Associated with Ageing, Problems with Data
The Process of Envisioning Dynamic Data
Animated Data
Visualizing Functional Demand
Enabling Single- and Cross-Disciplinary Participation
Pilot 1: Physiotherapists’ Perspective
Pilot 2: Interdisciplinary Perspective
Insights from Pilots
The Design of Further Studies
Engaging Further Perspectives Through Participative Workshops
Conclusions
References
The UD Phenomenon in Japan: Product Innovation Through Universal Design
Introduction
Legislation and Standards
Cross-Sector Activity
UD Business Concept
Achievements
Japanese Corporate Culture
Company Philosophy
The Customer Is God
Lifestyle Brand
UD in Mobile Phones
First Generation UD Mobiles: Raku-Raku 111
Second Generation UD Mobiles: TU-KA S, A101K and Raku-Raku 2006
Third Generation UD Mobiles: Foma D800iDS
Mobiles for Other Inclusive Needs
The Potential for UD in Other Regions: Questions Remaining
References
Search String Analysis from a Socio-economic Perspective
Introduction
Previous Research on Searching the Web
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
A Conceptual Model of Inclusive Technology for Information Access by the Rural Sector
Introduction
A Conceptual Model of Inclusive Technology
The K-Net Services Project
Applying Our Model to the K-Net Project
Conclusion
References
Focussing on Extra-Ordinary Users
Universal Access and Older People
Concerns About Older People and Universal Access
Universal Access as an Add-On Extra
Accessibility, Usability, and aAesthetics
Designing for Extra-Ordinary Users
From Extra-Ordinary Users to a More Universal Solution
Designs for Older or Disabled People Which Led to Mainstream Products
Older People as an Integral Part of the Design Process
The Use of Theatre
Conclusion
References
Augmented Cognition Foundations and Future Directions—Enabling “Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere” Applications
Introduction
Highlights of Augmented Cognition S&T to Date
Highlights of Forthcoming Augmented Cognition-Relevant Efforts
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ASEM) Special Supplement on Operational Applications of Cognitive Performance Enhancement (CPE) Technologies [4]
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine Special Issue on Optical Imaging of the Intact Human Brain: Physiology, Recording Devices, Methods and Applications [2]
Journal of Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making (JCEDM) Special Issue on Augmented Cognition: Past, Present, and Future [13]
Augmented Cognition: A Practitioner’s Guide [16]
Foundations of Augmented Cognition, 3^rd [12] and 4^th [15] Editions
Conclusion
References
Privacy and Interruptions in Team Awareness Systems
Introduction and Motivation
Goal and Concept
Novel Interfaces for Mediating Awareness Information
Evaluations
Experimental Evaluation of the Representation Method
Living-Lab Evaluation of Artefacts
Conclusion
References
On Developing Validator Software XValid for Testing Home Pages of Universal Design
Introduction
Developing the XValid Validator Software
Websites Accessibility Analysis
Categorization of the Tested Sites
Using the WebXACT Validator for Testing the WCAG1.0 Guidelines with Home Pages
Using the XValid Validator for Testing the WCAG2.0 Guidelines with Home Pages
Comparison of the Two Validating Software
Summary
References
Accessibility, Usability, Safety, Ergonomics: Concepts, Models, and Differences
Introduction
Terminology
Ergonomics
Accessibility
Usability
Safety
Implementing Accessibility, Usability and Safety
Why Companies Implement Accessibility
Why Companies Implement Usability
Why Companies Implement Safety
Evaluation Strategies
Accessibility Evaluation
Usability Evaluation
Summary and Outlook
References
How Inclusively Designed Mainstream Products Can Lead to Fresh Thinking in Home Adaptation
Background
Lifetime Home Concept
Home Improvement for Independent Living (1998 – 2000)
Learning Outcomes
Inclusive Design Methodology
User Interaction with Home Products
Conclusion
References
Designing for Participation in Socio-technical Software Systems
Introduction
Participative Software Systems
Re-defining the Roles of Users and Developers
Redistributing the Design Activity
Designing for Participation: Lessons from Open Source Software Development
Roles and Community Structure in OSS Communities
Co-evolution of OSS Systems and OSS Communities
Designing for Participation: A General Framework
Embracing Users as Co-designers
Providing a Common Platform
Enabling Legitimate Peripheral Participation
Sharing Control
Promoting Mutual Learning and Support
Fostering a Social Rewarding and Recognition Structure
Summary
References
Part II Universal Access Methods, Techniques and Tools
Towards a Walkthrough Method for Universal Access Evaluation
Introduction
A Universal Access Evaluation Framework
A Walkthrough Method
The Walkthrough Procedure (ORIENT)
Experience with the Method in the Eservices Domain
Context of Use for Universal Access to Eservices
Results and Discussion
Conclusions and Future Work
References
An Architecture for Adaptive and Adaptable Mobile Applications for Physically Handicapped People
Introduction
Context-Aware Adaptation
The General Architecture of CAAS
System Architecture
Ambient Service Prototype
Conclusion
References
Real-Time Image Correction for Interactive Environment
Introduction
Projector-Based System for Real-time Automatic Calibration
Overall System Architecture
Image Processing
Receipt of a Remote Control Message / Control of a Mirror
Results
Conclusion
References
A User-Based Method for Speech Interface Development
Introduction
Speech Interface Development: The User Perspective
The Concept of a User-Based Development Method
Case Studies
Data Set 1
Data Set 2
Summary
References
iTeach: Ergonomic Evaluation Using Avatars in Immersive Environments
Introduction
Virtual Humans in Virtual Environments
Application Handling in Virtual Environments
Interaction Concepts
Immersive Teaching
System Setup
Interaction Concepts
The Teaching Process
Summary
References
Survey Design for Visually Impaired and Blind People
Introduction
Mixed Mode Approach: Paper and Pencil, Braille and Web
Cognitive Aspects of Survey Design for Visually Impaired and Blind People
Provide and Support Overview
Provide Navigation and Orientation Aids
Streamline the Answering Process
Conclusion
References
Tile Dreamer: Game Tiles Made Easy
Introduction
Related Work
Application Structure
Designer’s User Interface
The Various Editors
The ‘Bitmap Ripper’
Tile Bitmap Builder
The Connectivity Checker
Preliminary Evaluation
Summary/Conclusion
References
Remote Usability Tests – An Extension of the Usability Toolbox for Online-Shops
Introduction
The Path to Gaining Insight – User Tests in the Course of the Project
Rough and Fine Concepts as Subjects of Development-Oriented User Tests
Status-Oriented User Tests
Asynchronous Remote Usability Tests
A Remote Test Session Then Proceeds as Follows
Comparison of Lab Test and Remote Usability Test Results
“Are Respondents Able to Detect and Communicate Use Problems on Their Own?”
“Is a Remote Usability Test the More Efficient Method in UnearthingUsability Problems?”
Prospect
A Practical Inter-sensor Broadcast Authentication Scheme
Introduction
Related Works
Preliminary
Inter-sensor Broadcast Authentication
Application Models
The Proposed Schemes
The Basic Scheme
The General Scheme
Analysis on Proposed Schemes
Security Analysis
Efficiency Analysis
Conclusion
Development of Automatic Web Accessibility Checking Modules for Advanced Quality Assurance Tools
Introduction
Imergo^®
Navigation Consistency Module
State of the Art
Consistency of Navigational Structures of Web Sites
Color Contrast Module
Color Deficiency Modules
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Knowledge-Based User Authentication Associated with Biometrics
Introduction
Human Knowledge for Authentication
Association of Knowledge and Biometrics
Conclusion
References
Taking Account of the Needs of Software Developers/Programmers in Universal Access Evaluations
Introduction
Practical Considerations
Decision-Making and Accessibility Issues
Methodological Considerations
Conclusion
References
Biometric Digital Key Mechanisms for Telebiometric Authentication Based on Biometric Certificate
Introduction
Background
Biometric Digital Key on Open Network
Public Key Infrastructure and Biometric Certificate
Overview on Existing Schemes
Problems on Existing Biometric Digital Key Mechanisms
Secret Hiding Function: Fuzzy Vault Scheme
Proposed Telebiometric Digital Key Mechanism
Biometric Digital Key Generation Mechanism
Biometric Digital Key Protection and Extraction by Biometrics
Telebiometric Authentication Using Biometric Digital Key
Biometric Digital Signature
Telebiometric Authentication with Digital Signature
Security Considerations and Implementation Results
Security Considerations
Implementation and Evaluation Results
Conclusion
References
I See Your Voice: The Development of Image Caption Generating Software and On-Line User Community for the Auditory Disabled
Introduction
Development Methodology
Analyses That Usability of the Auditory Disabled About Digital Video Content
Creating Image Caption Content
Development of the Image Caption Generating Software and Adjusting Image Captions Are Produced as the Content
The Linkage of Web and Setting Up On-Line User Community
Image Caption Content
Analyses on Contemporary Media Artworks and Extracting Usable Elements from the Artwork.
Analysis of Existing Caption and Classification of Using Case
Creating the Image Caption Content Set
The Development of Image Caption Generating Software
Basic Interface
Integrated Interface
Remaking of Digital Video Content Using Image Caption Generating Software
The Linkage of Web and Setting Up On-Line User Community
Conclusion
References
Economic and Social Condition of the Software Quality Assessment
Research Method
Economic Conditions of the Computer Software Quality Assessment
Social Conditions of the Computer Software Quality Assessment
Summary
References
Agile Methods and Visual Specification in Software Development: A Chance to Ensure Universal Access
Introduction
Agile Approaches to Software Development
How to Build Better Software with Agile Usability Methods
Participatory Prototyping for Visual Specification
Sample Application
Requirements Engineering: Flexibility Is Essential
Level 1: Lo-Fi Prototyping
Level 2: Hi-Fi Prototyping
Lessons Learned: Designing for Universal Access
References
Biometric Person Authentication for Access Control Scenario Based on Face Recognition
Introduction
System Modules
Test Design
Database
Verification Model
Experiment
Variations in the Normalization Module
Variations in the Recognition Module
Variations in Galleries and Probe Set
Discussion
Conclusion
Biometric Driver Authentication Based on 3D Face Recognition for Telematics Applications
Introduction
Driver Authentication Process
Key Frame Selection
Face Area Detection and Input Data Correction
Driver Identification
3D Based Face Recognition
Face Alignment and Model Generation
Fitting the 3D Model to a 2D Image
Experimental Results
Conclusion
References
A Graphics Adaptation Framework and Video Streaming Technique for 3D Scene Representation and Interaction on Mobile Devices
Introduction
A Graphics Adaptation Framework
Adaptive Media Streaming Server
A Client Viewer
Streaming Protocol
Implementation and Results
Conclusion
References
Fuzzy Face Vault: How to Implement Fuzzy Vault with Weighted Features
Introduction
Background: Fuzzy Vault
Fuzzy Face Vault Scheme
Cost Evaluation
Conclusion
DEVAL – A Device Abstraction Layer for VR/AR
Introduction
Related Work
The Device Concept – An Overview
Input Devices
Discrete Input Devices
Continuous Input Devices
Output Devices
Adapters
Conclusions and Future Work
References
A Portal-Based Tool for Developing, Delivering and Working with Guidelines
Introduction
A Process for Collaborative Development of Guidelines
Toward a Support Tool
Generic User-Requirements
Resource Classification and Organisation
An Interactive Prototype
Discussion and Conclusions
References
From “Design for All” Towards “Design for One” – A Modular User Interface Approach
Introduction
Universal Design and User Interface Adaptation
ASK-IT Project
Interaction Restrictions vs. Functional Requirements
ASK-ITs Modular Approach for UI Design
Interaction Characteristic of Selected User Interface Elements
Assessment of Suitability of a User Interface Element Per User Group, Context, and Information Type
Interaction Requirements Per User Group
Interaction Requirements per Context of Use
Interaction Requirements of Information Type
Integrated User Interface
Next Steps
Conclusion and Outlook
References
Mobile Application Model for the Blind
Introduction
Related Work
A Model for Developing Mobile Applications for Blind People
Conclusions
References
Easy Model-Driven Development of Multimedia User Interfaces with GuiBuilder
Introduction
Models of GuiBuilder
GuiBuilder - The Tool
Editor
Model Validation
Generation and Simulation
Conclusions
References
Security Analysis on the Authentication Mechanisms of Korean Popular Messengers
Introduction
The NateOn Messenger Authentication Mechanism
The Analysis of the NateOn Messenger Authentication Packets
The Analysis of the NateOn Messenger Authentication Mechanism
Vulnerabilities of the Authentication Mechanism of Korean Popular Messengers
The Solution of the NateOn Messenger Authentication Mechanism Vulnerability
Conclusion
References
Advanced Identification Technologies for Human-Computer Interaction in Crisis Rooms
Introduction
Face Recognition from Invariant Features
Invariant and Robust SIFT Features
Graph-Based Matching
Experimental Testing
Multibiometric Recognition
Face Representation Based on SIFT Features
Fingerprint Representation Based on Minutiae
Feature Level Fusion Scheme
Experimental Testing
Conclusion
References
Development of a Multiple Heuristics Evaluation Table (MHET) to Support Software Development and Usability Analysis
Heuristic Evaluations
Ten Usability Heuristics
Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
First Principles of Interaction Design
Graphics and Web Design Based on Edward Tufte’s Principles
Development of the Multiple Heuristics Evaluation Table (MHET)
Overlap
Emerging Gaps
Concrete Examples
User Group Decision Factors
The Multiple Heuristics Evaluation Table (MHET)
Software-User Interaction
Learnability
Cognition Facilitation
User Control and Software Flexibility
System-Real World Match
Graphic Design
Navigation and Exiting
Consistency
Defaults
System-Software Interaction
Help and Documentation
Error Management
Conclusion
References
Part III Understanding Diversity: Motor, Perceptual and Cognitive Abilities
Accessibility Research in a Vocational Context
Introduction
Impact on Employability
Participant Benefits of Research
The Impact on Employability
Legal Mandates
Lack of Innovation
Context of Use
Approaches to HCI
Working with Individual Users
Assessment Methods and User Models
Results
Conclusion
Suggestions for Future Work
References
User Modelling and Social Intelligence
Introduction
The Importance of Cognitive User Models
The Importance of the Social Context
Relevant Types of Intelligence
Social Intelligence to Extend Cognitive User Models
Social Intelligence and Disability
Social Intelligence, Inclusive Design and Universal Access
Social Intelligence and Cognitive User Modelling
Social Intelligence Interface
Discussion
References
Web Navigation for Individuals with Dyslexia: An Exploratory Study
Introduction
Method
Findings and Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
Conclusion
References
Guidelines for the Development and Improvement of Universal Access Systems for Blind Students
Introduction
Universal Access Systems for Blind Users
Interface Design Principles and Guidelines for Blind Users
Category 1: Guiding
Category 2: Reference
Category 3: Boundaries
Category 4: Using Sound
Category 5: Interaction with System
Discussion and Conclusions
Interviews and Surveys
Science Learning for Visually Impaired and Blind Students
References
From Handicap to Diversity
A Brief History
Changes in Work and in Attitudes Toward Handicap
The Survey
Technology and Autonomy
Work
Social Relations
IT and Handicap: A Complex Relationship
From Handicap to Diversity
References
Does My Stigma Look Big in This? Considering Acceptability and Desirability in the Inclusive Design of Technology Products
Introduction
Stigma
From Stigma to Aspiration; The Case of Glasses
Medical and Social Models of Disability
Case Study 1 an Example of Stigmatic Design for Impairment
Technology and Disabled People
Assistive Technology
Assistive Technologies as Social Signifier
Inclusive Design as a Basis for Non-stigmatic Design
The “Go–Steady” Campaign
Conclusion
References
Effects of Mouse Tremor Smoothing Adapter on Ease of Computer Mouse Use by Individuals with Essential Tremor: A Pilot Study
Introduction
Background
Method
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
Training the Elderly in the Use of Electronic Devices
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Designing Training Applications
Method
Participants
Design
Dependent Variables
Procedure
Results
Performance
Perceived Effort
Knowledge Tests
Correlations
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Comparative Study of Disabled vs. Non-disabled Evaluators in User-Testing: Dyslexia and First Year Students Learning Computer Programming
Introduction
User Testing
Disabled Test-Users in Education
Target Users
Comparison of Dyslexic and Non-dyslexic First Year Students as Evaluators
Method
Animation Viewers
Animation Editors
Results
Computer Programming Learning and Teaching Difficulties
Software: Positive Characteristics
Software: Negative Characteristics and Suggestions for Improvement
Subtle Significant Issues
Conclusions
Comparison of Year Groups
Comparison of Dyslexic vs. Non-dyslexic Groups
Perceived vs. Actual Target User Group
References
GSLC: Creation and Annotation of a Greek Sign Language Corpus for HCI
Introduction
Creation of a Greek Sign Language Corpus
Language Corpus Definition
GSLC Content Requirements
Selection of Representative Morphemes
Controlled Grammar Phenomena
Video-Corpus Recording and Quality Control
GSL Corpus Annotation
General Aspects
Selection of Annotation Features
Morpheme Level Annotation
Phrase and Sentence Level Annotation
Annotation Quality Control
Sign Language Corpus Exploitation – Concluding Remarks
References
Impact of Sign Language Movie and Text Layout on the Readout Time
Introduction
Previous Studies
Policy for Layout
Experiment
Subjects
Method of Experiment
Method of Evaluation
Result
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Comparative Analysis of the Accessibility of Desktop Operating Systems
Introduction
Objectives
Significance
Method
Checklist Definition
Checkpoint Evaluation Method
Selection of System Functionalities and User Tasks
Evaluation Process
Results
Task Management
File System Management
Conclusions and Future Work
References
DfΑ Implementations for People with Vision and Hearing Disabilities: Application and Development for Information Society
Introduction
Current Situation with Informational Infrastructure for Impaired People in Lithuania
Voice Technologies for Impaired People
Voice Technologies for Visually Impaired People
Voice Technologies for Motor-Handicapped People
Development and Implementation of Voice Technologies in Lithuania
Lithuanian Speech Synthesis Development
Lithuanian Speech Recognition Development
Some Applications of Lithuanian Voice User Interfaces
Conclusion
References
Mobile Computing in Maintenance Activities: A ‘Situational Induced Impairments and Disabilities’ Perspective
Introduction
Facilities Management and Mobile Computing
Maintenance Tasks and PDAs
Maintenance Tasks, Interaction and SIID
The Context of Interactions
Cumulative Effects of Human, Environmental and Application Dimensions
Effective Solutions
Trajectory Estimation and Filtering
Discussion
References
Establishing Design Best Practices for Users with Cognitive and Learning Difficulties
Introduction
Defining “Cognitive and Learning Difficulties”
Prevalence of Cognitive and Learning Difficulties
Why C&LDs Are Not Widely Researched in Universal Access
The Role of Cognition in HCI
Models of Cognition
Best Practices When Designing for Users with C&LDs
Conclusion
References
Technology and Regional Social Structures: Evaluation of Remote Sign Language Interpretation in Finland
Introduction
Interpretation Services
Development Project
Evaluation
References
Cognitive Ability Measures for Accessible Web Content
Introduction
Web Access in Today’s World
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
WCAG and Cognitive Deficits
Cognitive Deficits
The SCEMA Model
Applying the SCEMA Model
A Design Exercise – Navigating an E-Mail Inbox
User Modeling and Dynamic Adaptation
Conclusion
References
Cognitive Aspects of Ageing and Product Interfaces: Interface Type
Introduction
Inclusive Design
Memory and Learning
Previous Experience and Training Transfer
Generational Effects
Past Work and Research Questions
Method
Cognitive Assessment
Experience Testing
Products
Segmentation and Errors
Trials
Results
Cognitive Ability Analysis
Experience Analysis
User Performance
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Experimental Study on Enlarged Force Bandwidth Control of a Knee Rehabilitation Robot
Introduction
Architecture and Mechanical Structure of the Robot
Force Compensation Method
Velocity Signal Digital Filter
Principle of Digital Filter
Matlab Simulation
Experiment
Digital Filter Experiment
Force Compensation Experiment
Conclusion
References
An Interactive Wearable Assistive Device for Individuals Who Are Blind for Color Perception
Introduction
Background and Related Work
Conceptual Framework
Color Recognition and Segmentation
Confidence Measure Framework
Experimental Methodology
Conclusion and Future Work
References
Integration of Caption Editing System with Presentation Software
Introduction
Background
Previous Methods
Preliminary Survey and Investigation
Problems and Apparatus
Content Layout Definition
Editing Focus Linkage
Speaker Notes Export
Results
Summary
References
Cognitive Styles and Knowledge of Operational Procedures of Electric Appliances
Introduction
Methods
Questionnaires and Experiment
Analysis
Results and Discussion
Air Conditioners-Q2
Fax Machine-Q3
Conclusion
References
Cognitive Scales and Mental Models for Inclusive Design
Introduction
Background
Cognitive Capabilities
Working Memory and Attention
Long Term Memory
Interaction and Mental Models
Language and Communication
Case Study
Working Memory and Attention Demands
Long Term Memory Demands
Communication and Language Demands
Learning and Feedback
Discussion
Conclusions and Further Work
References
Three Dimensional Articulator Model for Speech Acquisition by Children with Hearing Loss
Introduction
System Design
Method
Results
Conclusion
References
DfA Products and Services from a User Perspective to Facilitate Life at Home for People with Cognitive Impairments
Introduction
Background
Increased Quality of Life with Technology Support – A Potential to Explore
Technology Support at Home – A National Project^4
Cognitive Impairments – What Do We Mean?
What Do Partners Want? Win-Win-Situation!
Technology Support
Objectives
Supportive Technology – Future DfA Products
DfA and Users Needs
How Is the Effect Measured/Evaluated?
Implementation – Follow-Up
Final Report in 2007
Notes
Design Implications of Simultaneous Contrast Effects Under Different Viewing Conditions
Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Experimental Design
Procedures
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Beyond the Constraints of QWERTY Keyboard: Challenges to Provide Alternative Input Methods for Japanese Older Adults
Introduction
Problems in Japanese Input with QWERTY Keyboards
Intervention 1: Touchscreen and Software Keyboards
Intervention 2: Keyboard with Dynamic Key Layout Change
Conclusion
References
Embedding Expert System into a Computerized Assessment Tool for Mouse Proficiency
Introduction
Previous Research
Method
The CAT System
Idea of Embedding Expert System
Tools of Developing Expert System
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Urgent Information Presentation Using Listed Sign Language
Introduction
Message Generation by Listed Sign Language
Design Concepts of the Listed Sign Language
Expression of Sign Language in Fragmented Form
Experiment 1: Subjective Evaluation
Participants
Questionnaire
Results
Experiment 2: Performance Evaluation
Participants
Procedure
Results
Conclusion
References
SMART Rehabilitation: Implementation of ICT Platform to Support Home-Based Stroke Rehabilitation
Background
Overview of SMART Rehabilitation System
User Involvements and Usability Study
Implementation of ICT Platform
Database Module
Interface Module
Decision Support Module
Communication Module
Feedback Module
Summary and Future Work
References
Perceptive Supplementation for an Access to Graphical Interfaces
Introduction
Working with Visually Impaired Partners
Experiments and Results
Shape Recognition
Parallelism
Bimodality
Haptic Zoom
The Eye-Hand System
Perspectives
Tactos Network
The Basic Tactos Task
The Tactile Stylus
MobiTact: A Mobile Version of Tactos
Conclusion
References
Part IV Understanding Diversity: Age
Elderly and Disabled Travelers Needs in Infomobility Services
Introduction
Accessibility Aspects
Needs Regarding Visual and Acoustic HMI
Visual HMI
Acoustic HMI
Information Requirements
Conclusion
References
Aging Well: The Use of Assistive Technology to Enhance the Lives of Elders
Introduction
Aging, Disability and Assistive Technology
Vision
Mobility
Memory Loss
Hearing
References
Senior Surfers 2.0: A Re-examination of the Older Web User and the Dynamic Web
Introduction
The Web - 1.0 to 2.0
Senior Surfers
Web 1.0 for Senior Surfers
Web 2.0 Design for Senior Surfers
Pilot Study and Future Work
References
Older People as Information Seekers: Exploratory Studies About Their Needs and Strategies
Introduction
Context
Metamemory, Aging and Information Search
“Why, Where and How Do You Search for Information?”
Participants
Material and Procedure
Results
Impact of Metamemory on the Information Search Activity
Participants
Material and Procedure
Results
Discussion
References
Requirements and Ethical Issues for Sensor-Augmented Environments in Elderly Care
Introduction
Environments, Needs and Independence of Elderly
Age Related Needs and Diversity
Independence and the Elderly
Implications of Technology
Electronic User Terminal
Safety Assistant for the Elderly
Ethical Issues Regarding the Elderly
Conclusion
References
Ergonomic Design of Computerized Devices for Elderly Persons - The Challenge of Matching Antagonistic Requirements
Introduction
The Process of Aging
The Impact of Modern Technology for Elderly Persons
Study 1: Usability Problems of Elderly Persons
Study 2: Usability of Input Devices
Study 3: Usability Obstacles of Complex Electronic Devices
Discussion and Interpretation of Studies
Conclusions for Ergonomic Product Design
References
Web Access for Older Adults: Voice Browsing?
Introduction
A Broader View of Web Accessibility
Making the Web More Usable
Voice Browsing
Cognitive Demands
Wizard of Oz Study for Web Navigation
Setting Preferences by Voice
Internet Explorer and Firefox Controlled by Voice
Discussion
References
How Can We Make IT Devices Easy for Older Adults? Effects of Repetitive Basic Operation Training and Help-Guidance on Learning of Electronic Program Guide System
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Procedures
Help-Guidance
Tasks
Analysis of the Behavioral Data
Results
Effects of Unfocused General Information
Effects of Repeated Basic Operation with Help-Guidance
Improvement with New and Complicated Tasks
Discussion
References
On Some Aspects of Improving Mobile Applications for the Elderly
Introduction and Motivation
Background: Problems of the Elderly
Cognitive Complexity as Barrier
Motivational Issues of the Elderly
Physical Impairments of the Elderly
Perception (Vision and Audition) as Barrier
Some Design and Development Issues for the Elderly
Simulation of Cognitive and Motivational Impairments
Simulation of Physical and Perceptual Impairments
Conclusion
References
Touch Screen User Interfaces for Older Adults: Button Size and Spacing
Introduction
Experiment 1 – Single Button Touch Test
Design
Procedures
Results
Experiment 2 – Multiple Button Touch Test
Design
Procedures and Equipment
Results
Recommendations and Discussions
Button Size
Spacing
Manual Dexterity
References
Creating Home Network Access for the Elderly
Introduction
Home Network and Its Users
The Home Network
Home Users
Managing the Home Network
Analysis of Three of the Challenges in Home Networks from Accessibility Viewpoint
Challenge One: The "Accidentally" Smart Home
Challenge Five: Social Implications of Aware Home Technologies
Challenge Seven: Inference in the Presence of Ambiguity
Conclusion
Future Work
References
Contextual Research on Elderly Users’ Needs for Developing Universal Design Mobile Phone
Introduction
Contextual Research Method
Characteristics of Contextual Research Method
Contextual Research Process
Elderly Users’ Needs in Using Mobile Phone and UI Design Implication
Physical Factors in Product Design
Cognitive Factors in UI Design
Cultural, Psychological Factors in Usage Context of Mobile Phone
Development Strategy for Universal Design Mobile Phone
Conclusion
References
Design of Interactive Technology for Ageing-In-Place
Introduction
Persuasive Reminders and Older People
Exploration of Older Users’ Attitudes to Technology
Evaluation of Consumer Electronics for Persuasive Reminders
Results and Conclusions
References
Difficulties on Small-Touch-Screens for Various Ages
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Experiment Instruments
Tasks
Experiment Environments
Results
Percentage of Difficulties in Three Human Abilities
Common Difficulties for the Three Groups
Discussions
Conclusion
References
Strategy of Visual Search of Targets on Screen Through Eye Movement of Elderly Person
Introduction
Experiment Method and Conditions
Visual Search Task
Stimulus
Experimental Devices
Subjects
Searching Time
Analysis of Eye Movement
Results and Discussions
Average Gazing Time
Gazing Location and Locus of Eye Movement
Conclusion
References
Methodologies for Involving Older Adults in the Design Process
Older Users and the User Centred Design Community
Involving Older and Disabled People in the Development Process
Laboratories
Choosing a Users Group and Interacting with it
Self Reporting
The Use of Theatre
Conclusion
References
RFID Cards: A New Deal for Elderly Accessibility
Introduction
Review of Tangible User Interfaces
RFID Card Interaction Techniques
RFID Card Email Client Design
Writing and Sending Email
Receiving and Reading Email
Managing Email Filtering
Summary
References
An Investigation of Older Persons’ Browser Usage
Introduction and Background
Method
Demographic Questionnaire
Performance Test
Participant Debriefing
Results
Participants Demography
Performance Test
Participants Debriefing
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Investigation of Adaptation Dimensions for Age-Differentiated Human-Computer Interfaces
Introduction
The Approach of Age-Differentiated Adaptation
Empirical Investigation of Potential Adaptation Dimensions
Experiment 1 – Investigation of Font Size
Experiment 2 – Investigation of Effects on Memorization
Experiment 3 – Investigation of Layout Effects on Interpretation Performance
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Experiment 1 - Investigation of Font Size
Experiment 2 - Investigation of Effects on Memorization
Experiment 3 - Investigation of Layout Effects on Interpretation Performance
Future Work
References
User Specific Design of Interfaces and Interaction Techniques: What Do Older Computer Users Need?
Introduction
Method
Participants
Sensumotor Transformation (Input Device)
Task Design (Type and Difficulty)
Results
Effects of Age and Sensumotor Transformation
Effects of Age and Task Type
Effects of Age and Task Difficulty
Discussion and Recommendations
References
Older Adults and the Web: Lessons Learned from Eye-Tracking
Introduction
Method
Results
Time Viewing Pages
Time Viewing Navigation Areas
Fixation Patterns
Discussion
Implications for Design
References
Usability Design of a Scanning Interface for a Robot Used by Disabled Users
Introduction
Objective
Fitts’Law Approach
Eye Tracking
Methodology
Results
Measured GOMS Results
Servo Model Design
Conclusion
References
Author Index