Title Page
Foreword
Organization
Table of Contents
Part I Intelligent Ambients
Creating Smart and Accessible Ubiquitous Knowledge Environments
Introduction
Expert Evaluations
Methods
Results
Discussion
Literature Review of Post-digital Library Development and Innovations
Key Papers
Summary of Findings
Discussion
References
Coupling Interaction Resources and Technical Support
Introduction
Coupling Entities: Definition
Causal Couplings and Their Consequents: A Formal Analysis
Formal Analysis with a Graph Theoretic Notation
Illustration
I-AM: Overview
Technical Principles of I-AM
The Programmer’s View
The End-User’s View
I-AM and the Theoretic Framework
Conclusion
References
Learning Situation Models for Providing Context-Aware Services
Introduction
A Scenario
Initial Situation Model
Integrating User Preferences
Experimental Evaluation
Conclusion
References
Ambient Intelligence and Multimodality
Introduction
Multimodal Interfaces
General Perspectives and Challenges
Speech Based Interfaces
System Overview
Architectural Requirements
Application Description and Implementation Issues
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Is the Intelligent Environment Smart Enough?
Introduction
Design for All
The Classical Approach
Design for All in Future AmI Scenarios
Levels of Necessary Intelligence
Annette and Solomon
Conclusions
References
An Agent-Based Framework for Context-Aware Services
Introduction
Architecture of the CHIL System
CHIL Layer Model
Description of the Layers
Sensors Infrastructure and Context-Awareness
Situation Recognition
Agent Infrastructure
Prototype Applications
The Memory Jog
The Connector
Conclusion
An MDE-SOA Approach to Support Plastic User Interfaces in Ambient Spaces
Introduction
The Problem Space of UI Plasticity
Two Adaptation Means: UI Re-molding and UI Re-distribution
Coverage of the Technological Spaces
Existence of a Meta-UI
Summary
Principles of Our Approach to Plastic UI’s
Principle #1: An Interactive System Is a Graph of Models
Principle #2: Close-Adaptiveness and Open-Adaptiveness Cooperate
Conclusion
References
Annex 1
Whole-System Programming of Adaptive Ambient Intelligence
Introduction
Uncertainty in Sensing and Inference
The Uncertainty of Sensors
From Sensing to Task
Designing and Programming with Uncertainty
Conclusion
Informative Art Display Metaphors
Hidden in Artwork
Informative Art Displays
Themes, Symbols and Connotations
Metaphors
Findings and Conclusion
References
Usable Multi-Display Environments: Concept and Evaluation
Introduction: Managing Multi-Display Environments
The Need for Automatic Display Mapping
Defining Optimal Display Assignment
The Basic Idea
Accounting for Different Types of Displays
Evaluation of Automatic Display Assignment
Objectives and Overall Experimental Design
Calibration Experiment
Evaluation Experiment
Conclusion and Future Work
References
Ambient Intelligence in Assisted Living: Enable Elderly People to Handle Future Interfaces
Introduction and Motivation
Ambient Intelligence in Assisted Living
Challenges of Future Interfaces in Assisted Living
Environment for Testing Future Interfaces for Assisted Living
Assisting Elderly People to Handle New Technology
Evaluation Approach for Assisted Living Solutions
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Multi-modal Authentication for Ubiquitous Computing Environments
Introduction
Authentication Technology
Authentication for Ubiquitous Computing
A Conceptual Framework
A Scenario with Authentication Protocols
Authentication Experiment
Conclusion
References
Secure Authentication and Accounting Mechanism on WLAN with Interaction of Mobile Message Service
Introduction
Background
NAS Mechanism with RADIUS for WLAN Authentication
IEEE 802.1X EAP-MD5 Authentication
Vulnerability of IEEE 802.1X EAP-MD5 Mechanism
SMS Based Secure Authentication and Accounting System
SMS Based Secure Authentication
SMS Based Accounting Mechanism
Experimentation and Analysis
Experimentation Environment
Preventing Dictionary Attack and Rogue AP Protection
Secure Message with SMS/EAP-Message Encryption/Decryption
Conclusion
References
Dynamic Conflict Detection and Resolution in a Human-Centered Ubiquitous Environment
Introduction
Related Work
Conflict Detection and Resolution Mechanism
Conflict Classification
Conflicts Detection and Resolution Mechanism
Conflict Detection and Resolution Mechanism on the WS-ECA Platform
WS-ECA Platform Architecture
Conflict Control Manager Architecture
Implementation
Conclusion and Future Work
References
From Ambient Devices to Smart Care for Blind People: A Metaphor of Independent Living with Responsive Service Scenarios
Introduction
Research Findings
“Ideal” User Scenarios of Voice Commanded, Self-managed, Real Time Responsive Services
A Talking Gadget
Talking@Travel
Talking@Object
Talking@Care
Summary
Towards Developing Pervasive Assistive Entities
End User Mobile Entity
Smart Ambient Entity
Role Based Entity
Conclusions
References
Crisis Rooms Are Ambient Intelligence Digital Territories
Introduction
Crisis Management Requirements
The Crisis Bubble
Crisis Room Bridges
Human Computer Interaction Issues in DT Crisis Rooms
Conclusions
References
Learning Topologies of Situated Public Displays by Observing Implicit User Interactions
Introduction
Related Work
The Need for Self-configuring Situated Public Displays
Learning the Topology of Situated Public Displays
Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Context-Aware Service Platform to SupportContinuous Care Networks for Home-Based Assistance
Introduction
Continuous Care Models
Related Work
Application Scenario for Continuous Care at Home
Context-Aware Service Platform Architecture Design and Deployment
Context Management Middleware Architecture
Conclusions
References
Architectural Backpropagation Support for Managing Ambiguous Context in Smart Environments
Introduction
Modeling the Ambiguity of Context Information
Disambiguation with Context Quality Parameters
Modeling Context Quality in a Vector Space Model
Strategy for Identifying (Ir)relevant Context Providers
Relevance Backpropagation in the Network
Experimental Evaluation
Experiments
Discussion of the Results
Related Work
Conclusions
Managing Disclosure of Personal Health Information in Smart Home Healthcare
Introduction
Privacy Requirements for Users of Smart Home Healthcare
Personal Health Information Disclosure Management
Experimental Demo
Conclusions and Future Works
References
Intelligent Privacy Support for Large Public Displays
Introduction
Formative Evaluation of User Requirements
Materials and Methods
Participants
Results
Active Privacy Support for Large Public Displays
Evaluation of the Developed Prototype System
Materials, Methods and Participants
Results
Conclusion
References
Universal Access Issues in an Ambient Intelligence Research Facility
Introduction
Towards a Fully Accessible AmI Research Facility
Universal Access to Ambient Intelligence
Research Challenges Towards Universal Access in AmI Environments
Understanding Human Needs in the Ami Environments
Understanding the AmI Context of Use
Bridging Perspectives on ‘Design for All’
Assessing Technological Solutions
Preventing Risks
Summary and Conclusions
References
Designing Ubiquitous Shopping Support Systems Based on Human-Centered Approach
Introduction
Investigation in Shopping Process
Research Design
Findings from the Observations
Findings from the Video Ethnography
Design Implications
Experience Scenarios
Allocation and Configuration of Services
Subsequent Study
Conclusion
References
CSCL at Home: Affordances and Challenges of Ubiquitous Computing
Introduction
Related Work
Affording Domestic Learning and Home Communication
The Living Cookbook
The Lab Technical Set-Up
The Portable Living Cookbook
Evaluation
Conclusion
References
Non-homogenous Network, Control Hub and Smart Controller (NCS) Approach to Incremental Smart Homes
Introduction
Intelligent Homes and Intelligence in the Home
Six Disincentives to Adoption of Smart Environments
Non-homogenous Product Technologies
Non- homogeneous Network and Connection Technologies
Interoperability
Investment
Lack of Transition Path
Compelling Reason
The NCS Approach to Incremental Smart Homes
Pluggable User Interface Sockets
Universal Remote Consoles
Intelligent and Task Based Control
Universal Control Hub
NCS as a Platform for Evolving Intelligence in the Home
Conclusion
References
Accessibility of Internet Portals in Ambient Intelligent Scenarios: Re-thinking Their Design and Implementation
Introduction
Portals’ Accessibility and Ambient Intelligence
m-Portal Accessibility in Intelligent Environments
Portals Accessibility: Evaluation Results
The Whole/Parts Approach for Portals’ Design and Implementation
Portal Navigation
Portal Aggregation and Interaction Layers
Portlets
Indicative Guidelines
Conclusions and Further Work
References
Engineering Social Awareness in Work Environments
Introduction
Social Awareness and Intelligent Environments
Conceptualizing Social Awareness in Intelligent Systems
Panorama: A Social Awareness System
Design Methods
“Shared” Initiative Interaction
Representation
Two Levels of Communication
Assessing Panorama
Discussion: Users in the ‘Awareness Loop’
Future Research
References
Case Study of Human Computer Interaction Based on RFID and Context-Awareness in Ubiquitous Computing Environments
Introduction
HCI in Ubiquitous Computing
Design Concept
Approach and Implementation of Prototype
Analysis of Interaction in Application Scenario
Conclusion
References
Part II Access to the Physical Environment, Mobility and Transportation
Accessibility and Usability Evaluation of MAIS Designer: A New Design Tool for Mobile Services
Introduction
Challenges and Considerations of Design and Evaluation in Mobile Computing
The MAIS Designer
Global Evaluation Methodology
Accessibility Guidelines
Proposed Usability Heuristics for Mobile Computing
Accessibility Evaluation
Methodology
Results
Analysis
Usability Evaluation
Methodology
Results
Analysis
Conclusions
References
Enhancing the Safety Feeling of Mobility Impaired Travellers Through Infomobility Services
Introduction
Methods
Results
EM Interface
Data Model
User Interface
Conclusions
References
Handling Uni- and Multimodal Threat Cueing with Simultaneous Radio Calls in a Combat Vehicle Setting
Background
Methods
Participants
Apparatus
Design, Stimuli, and Procedure
Results
Localization Error (LE)
RT to Threats
Performance Time (PT) to Identification of Radio Calls
Proportion Correct Identification of Radio Calls
Subjective Ratings
Conclusions and Discussion
References
Necropolis as a Material Remembrance Space
Introduction
A City Within a City, or a Necropolis Within a Metropolis
Necropolis Within the City Structure
Spatial Analogies
Burial of the Dead as a Demographic, Spatial, and Cultural Aspect
Problems of the Contemporary Necropolis Spatial Organisation
Necropolis as a Remembrance Place – “Stone Library”
Contemporary Forms of Burial
New Forms of Spatial Organisation of Necropolises
“Stone Libraries”
Conclusions
References
Reconsumption and Recycling in the Ergonomic Design of Architecture
Introduction
Ergonomics and Ecology in Architecture
Architecture as a Generator of Building Waste
Reconsumption and Recycling in the Ergonomic Design of Architecture
Final Remarks
References
Listen! There Are Other Road Users Close to You – Improve the Traffic Awareness of Truck Drivers
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Future Work
References
HMI Principles for Lateral Safe Applications
Introduction
Background Research
HMI Solutions for Lateral (and Rear Monitoring) Applications
Lane Change Assistant (LCA) and Lateral and Rear Monitoring (LRM) Applications for Cars
Lateral Collision Warning (LCW) for Cars
Lateral and Rear Area Monitoring (LRM), Lane Change Assistance (LCA) and Lateral Collision Warning (LCW) for Trucks
Further Steps
References
INSAFES HCI Principles for Integrated ADAS Applications
Introduction
Problem Formulation
Applications, HMI and Integration
HMI Integration
Applications
INSAFES Warning Manager Strategies
Use Cases and Requirements
ADAS WM Architecture Concepts
Conclusions
References
Sonification System of Maps for Blind
Introduction
Transformation of Visual Information
SVG Format
Method
Maps Sonification System
Conclusions
References
An Accesible and Collaborative Tourist Guide Based on Augmented Reality and Mobile Devices
Introduction
State of the Art
State of the Art
WALLIP
AMIGUIDE
PATRIMONIO MÓVIL
Application
Conclusions
References
The Use of Kaizen Continuous Improvement Approach for Betterment of Ergonomic Standards of Workstations
Introduction
Kaizen the Continuous Improvement Philosophy
Small Group Activity
Implementation of the Kaizen Philosophy
Ergonomic Requirements Set for Processes and Workstations
Examples of Kaizen Improvements with the Compliance of Ergonomic Requirements
Conclusion
References
Development and Application of a Universal, Multimodal Hypovigilance-Management-System
Introduction
Development of a Universal HVMS
Basic Structure of the SENSATION HVMS
Development of a Novel Set of Sensors
Development of the HMI
Car Application of the SENSATION HVMS
Industrial Worker Application of the SENSATION HVMS
References
Towards Cultural Adaptability to Broaden Universal Access in Future Interfaces of Driver Information Systems
Necessity and Benefit of Cultural Adaptability
Cultural HMI Patterns (Step 1)
Scope of Cultural Adaptability (Step 2)
Demonstration of Cultural Adaptability (Step 3)
Broadening Universal Access (Integration of Steps 1-3)
Discussion
Conclusion
Future Outlook
References
A Multi-modal Architecture for Intelligent Decision Making in Cars
Introduction
Gatos
Distributed Architecture
Cougaar
Properties of Gatos
Inner Working of Gatos
Gatos and the Driving Simulator
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Usability in Location-Based Services: Context and Mobile Map Navigation
Introduction
Complex Systems as Communicating Agents
Context Understanding
Evaluation of an Interactive Navigation System
Conclusions
References
Performance Analysis of Acoustic Emotion Recognition for In-Car Conversational Interfaces
Introduction
Affective Computing and Acoustic Emotion Recognition
The Emotional In-Car Conversation Interface
Experimental Method
Experimental Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Future Work
In-Vehicle Information System Used in Complex and Low Traffic Situations: Impact on Driving Performance and Attitude
Introduction
Experimental Method
Traffic Events and Driving Environment
Experimental Design
Measures
Results
Prior Driving Experience
Driving Performance
Drivers Perception of the In-Vehicle System
Conclusion
References
Changing Interfaces Using Natural Arm Posture – A New Interaction Paradigm for Pedestrian Navigation Systems on Mobile Devices
Introduction
Related Work
Posture Recognition
System Setup and Case Study
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Ergonomics of Contemporary Urban Necropolises
Introduction
Urban Planning, Architecture, and Ergonomics in the Context of Spatial Organisation of Urban Necropolises
Selected Ergonomic Aspects of Spatial Organisation of Urban Necropolises
Seniors and Disableds – Necropolis Accessibility Issue
Effect of the Burial Form on the Spatial Arrangement of a Necropolis
Urn and Cybernetic Burial
Formal and Legal Conditions and Urban Necropolises Management Models
Conclusions
References
The Use of Virtual Reality to Train Older Adults in Processing of Spatial Information
Introduction
Methodology
Experimental Design
Subjects
The Training Systems and the Performance Measures
Procedures
Results and Analysis
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Using Personas and Scenarios as an Interface Design Tool for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Introduction
Methods: Study 1
Personas
Scenarios
Results: Study 1
Personas
Scenarios
Methods: Study 2
Results: Study 2
Discussion
References
Pedestrian Navigation System Implications on Visualization
Introduction
Motivation
Background
Objectives
Interface
Prototype
UserStudy
Study Setup
Evaluation
Conclusions
Future Directions
References
A DIYD (Do It Yourself Design) e-Commerce System for Vehicle Design Based on Ontologies and 3D Visualization
Introduction
Intelligent Configurator Module and Ontology
Configurator Architecture
Ontology Development
Ontology Reasoning
3D Visualisation Module
The e-Shopping Platform in Practice
Experimental Results and Conclusions
References
WATCH-OVER HMI for Vulnerable Road Users’ Protection
Introduction
System Architecture
HMI Concept and Warning Strategy
Appliance of Preliminary Guidelines
Warning Strategy
User Requirements
WATCH-OVER HMI Concept
Conclusions and Outlook
References
Improvement Approach of the Automation System in Aviation for Flight Safety
Introduction
Approach
Task Analysis
Accident Analysis
Define the Design Object
Function Level Concept Study
3D Terrain View Overlay on PFD
Vertical Profile Display
Full-Time Speed Management (S-MNG)
Evaluation
Method
Result
Conclusion
References
Addressing Concepts for Mobile Location-Based Information Services
Introduction
Organizational Issues
Addressing Concept
Direct Addressing
Indirect Addressing
User Interaction
Related Work
Future Work
Conclusion
References
Ergonomic Design of Children’s Play Spaces in the Urban Environment
Introduction
Spaces Intended for Play and Their Significance for the Structure of a Dwelling, a City, Family Life, Rehabilitation and Integration
Children in the House Environment
Creating Playing Spaces in the External Environment
Psychological Aspects
Conclusion
References
Towards an Accessible Europe
Introduction
What ASK-IT Does
Site-Specific Services and Their HCI
Use Cases Satisfied by the Pilot Sites
Conclusion
References
Nomad Devices Adaptation for Offering Computer Accessible Infomobility Services
Introduction
Contents
Hardware and Software User Interface Solutions Relevant to the Platform
User Interface Approach
Configuration of the ASK-IT User Interface
Interface Design Guidelines Applied to ASK-IT Nomad Devices
Results
Conclusions
References
GOOD ROUTE HMI for Actors Involved in Dangerous Goods Transportation
Introduction
Theoretical Concepts
Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Information
Warnings
Alerts
HMI Concepts for Different Actors
Drivers
Logistics Enterprise Control Centre Operators
Infrastructure Control Centre Operators
Fire Station Control Centre Operators
Conclusions and Outlook
References
An Empirical Study of Developing an Adaptive Location-Based Services Interface on Smartphone
Introduction
Related Concepts
A Prototype of a MVD/LVD Mobile Visualization
Design of Experiment
Subjects
Experimental Variables
Research Hypothesis
Experimental Procedure and Data Collection
Results and Discussion
Operating Time, Clicking Time and Error of Clicking Time Aspects
Questionnaires Aspect
References
Augmented Ambient: An Interactive Mobility Scenario
Introduction
Related Work
Mobile Augmented Reality Systems
Ambient Networks
System Overview
Hardware and Software Setup
Support Libraries
Augmented Reality Frameworks
Desktop Platform Development
Pocket PC Platform Development
A2 Interaction Techniques
Manipulation Techniques: Tangible Interfaces
Navigation Techniques: Walking
System Control Techniques: Gesture Commands
Symbolic Input Techniques
Conclusion
References
A New Approach for Pedestrian Navigation for Mobility Impaired Users Based on Multimodal Annotation of Geographical Data
Introduction
Travel Aids for Navigational Support
Pedestrian Navigation for Mobility Impaired People
Multimodal Annotation of Geographical Data
Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Proposal for Distance Information Displaying Method of a Walking Assistive Device for the Blind
Introduction
Appropriate Distance to Avoid Obstacle
A Sense of Distance Caused by Air Stimulation
Air Pressure and the Sense of Arm Length
Air Pressure and the Sense of Distance
Conclusion
References
Specification of Information Needs for the Development of a Mobile Communication Platform to Support Mobility of People with Functional Limitations
Introduction
Theoretical Framework for the Specification of Requirements
Content Modeling Procedure
Application of the Methodology: Social Contacts and Community Building Content
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Intuitive Map Navigation on Mobile Devices
Introduction
System Overview
Interaction Methods
Key-Based Setup
Five Marker Setup
Single Marker Setup
Three Marker Setup
User Study
Conclusions
References
Part III Virtual and Augmented Environment
An Interactive Entertainment System Usable by Elderly People with Dementia
Introduction
Iterative Design Process for an Interactive Entertainment System
Dementia Professionals – Virtual Environments
People with Dementia – Virtual Environments
People with Dementia – Virtual Activities
Discussion
References
VRfx – A User Friendly Tool for the Creation of Photorealistic Virtual Environments
Introduction
The VRfx Approach
Functional Aspects of VRfx
User Interface
Data Integration
Interactions
Technical Aspects of VRfx
Overview
Shader Support
Example Scenario
Conclusion and Future Work
References
Effects of Virtual Reality Display Types on the Brain Computer Interface System
Introduction
The Virtual Reality Brain-Computer Interface System
Methods
Results and Discussions
Conclusions and Future Work
References
A First Person Visuo-Haptic Environment
Introduction
The Stringed Haptic Workbench
Simulation of Putty Application on a Car Body
Data Exploration
Conclusion
References
AKROPHOBIA Treatment Using Virtual Environments: Evaluation Using Real-Time Physiology
Introduction
Experimental Setup
Aims of the Study
Description of the Measured Data (Dependent Variables)
SUD Score
Heart Rate
Respiratory Rate
Results
References
Multimodal Augmented Reality in Medicine
Introduction
Related Work
Visuo-Haptic Collocated Augmented Reality System
Conclusion
References
New HCI Based on a Collaborative 3D Virtual Desktop for Surgical Planning and Decision Making
Introduction
Activity Analysis and Requirements
Decision Making Is Not a Lonesome Activity
Iterative Participatory Design Method
Expected Functionalities of a Collaborative Tool
Prototype of Collaborative Virtual Desktop for Decision Making
GUI Based on VR Technologies
Infrastructure and HIS compatibility
Discussion and Future Works
Conclusion
References
Measurement and Prediction of Cybersickness on Older Users Caused by a Virtual Environment
Introduction
A Fastest Growing Group of Virtual Environment Users: Elders
Effects of Navigation Processing on Cybersickness with TFT-LCD Display
Objective
Methods
Participants
Apparatus and the VE
Experimental Design
Results and Model Design
Results
Cybersickness-Predictive Model
Conclusion
References
VR, HF and Rule-Based Technologies Applied and Combined for Improving Industrial Safety
Introduction
System Description and Modules
Main System Modules
Additional System Modules
Conclusions and Future Works
References
Adaptive Virtual Reality Games for Rehabilitation of Motor Disorders
Introduction
Physically-Based Simulation
Adaptive Rehabilitation
Adaptivity
User Profiling
A Framework for VR Motion Therapy
Functional Training
Bilateral Training
An Adaptive Game for Motor Rehabilitation
Conclusion
References
Controlling an Anamorphic Projected Image for Off-Axis Viewing
Introduction
Related Work
Display Control Using a Virtual Camera
Display Initialization
Translation and Scaling
Rotation in 3D
Experimental Results
Conclusions
References
An Anthropomorphic AR-Based Personal Information Manager and Guide
Introduction
Related Work
Our Approach
The Mobile AR System
The Virtual Character
An Environment Model
The Software System
Multimodal Interaction
Evaluation
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Merging of Next Generation VR and Ambient Intelligence – From Retrospective to Prospective User Interfaces
Introduction
Adaptive Interfaces
Multimodal Interfaces
Physiological Sensing
The Problem
The Challenge
Potential Applications
Product Design and Engineering
Health and Medicine
Training and Education
Future Work
Conclusion
References
Steady-State VEPs in CAVE for Walking Around the Virtual World
Introduction
Experimental Method
Multi-class Classification
Future Works
References
Part IV Interaction Techniques and Devices
An Eye-Gaze Input System Using Information on Eye Movement History
Introduction
Eye-Gaze Detection Methods by Image Analysis
Horizontal Eye-Gaze Detection
Vertical Eye-Gaze Detection
Proposed Eye-Gaze Input System
System Configuration
Text Input by Eye Gaze
Eye-Gaze Input Method Using Eye Movement Information
Method 1 (Our Conventional Method)
Method 2 (Our Proposed Method)
Evaluation Experiment for Proposed System
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Handheld Haptic Display with Braille I/O
Introduction
Verbal I/O: Braille Interfaces
Interface Using Finger-Braille Method
Interface Using Braille-Input Method
Navigation Aid with the Verbal I/O
Non-verbal I/O: Force Feedback Method for Mobile Devices
Handheld Haptic Display
Future Work
References
Nonverbally Smart User Interfaces: Postural and Facial Expression Data in Human Computer Interaction
Introduction
Assumptions and Concept Development
Technical Approach
Postural Data: Introduction
Postural Data: Technical Approach
Facial Expression: Introduction
Facial Expression: Technical Approach
Proposed Integration and Contextual Guidance
Implications for Clippit$\circledR$
References
Towards a Physical Based Interaction-Model for Information Visualization
Introduction
Related Work
Conceptual Framework
Physical Based Modeling Revisited
Representation
Interaction
Application Prototype
Technical System Description
Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Note on Brain Actuated Spelling with the Berlin Brain-Computer Interface
Introduction
Methods
Character Selection Procedure in Hex-o-Spell
The Language Model
Comments on the Design of Hex-o-Spell
Results
Discussion
References
EOG Pattern Recognition Trial for a Human Computer Interface
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Continuous Recognition of Human Facial Expressions Using Active Appearance Model
Introduction
Active Appearance Model
Model Instance
Inverse Compositional Image Alignment
EFM Algorithm
Experiments and Performance
Performance Evaluation
Continuous Expression Image Analysis
Conclusions and Discussion
References
Robust Extraction of Moving Objects Based on Hue and Hue Gradient
Introduction
Related Work
Background Modeling Based on Hue and Hue Gradient
HSI(Hue-Saturation-Intensity) Color Space
Background Modeling
Moving Object Extraction Based on Background Subtraction
Experimental Results
Hand Tracking
Body Tracking
Conclusions
References
An Adaptive Vision System Toward Implicit Human Computer Interaction
Introduction
System Overview
Human Detection and Tracking
Dynamic Context Driven Blob Processing
Experimental Results
Conclusion
References
Detailed Monitoring of User’s Gaze and Interaction to Improve Future E-Learning
Introduction and Motivation
Scenarios
Author and Teacher Benefits
Learner Benefits
Future Technologies for E-Learning
WWW and AJAX
Eye Gaze
Reading
Compulsory Reading
Reading Intensity
Prototype and User Study
The Architecture of the Monitoring System
The User Study
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Facial Expression Recognition Based on Color Lines Model and Region Based Processing
Introduction
Description of the Proposed Procedure
Detection of Facial Area with Color Lines Model
Region Based Processing with Active Contour Without Edges
Experimental Results
Discussion and Conclusion
References
A Real-Time Gesture Tracking and Recognition System Based on Particle Filtering and Ada-Boosting Techniques
Introduction
Hand Tracking
Hand Detection
Tracking Scheme
Gesture Recognition
Experimental Results and Discussion
Type A: General Samples
Type B: Complicated Samples
Type C: Speedy Samples
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction with Embodied Conversational Agents
Introduction
Evaluating Embodied Agents
System-Level Evaluations
REA: Social Dialogue and Embodiment
MagiCster: Consistent Affective Facial Displays
Gesturing Strategy and Agent Appearance
COMIC: Turn-Taking and Task Performance
Mel: Engagement in the Interaction
GAMBLE: Deceptive Body Language
MIT FitTrack: Relational Agents
iCat Home Companion: Social Intelligence
Evaluation Via Physiological Measures
Evaluation of Individual Aspects
Summary
References
Comparison Between Event Related Potentials Obtained by Syllable Recall Tasks and by Associative Recall Tasks
Introduction
Methodology
Experiments
Analysis
Result
Recorded Data and Filtered Data
An ERP Obtained by an Associative Recall Task
An ERP Obtained by a Syllable Recall Task
Comparison Between the ERP’s of Both the Types
Estimation of a Fruit Name Through ERP’s
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Gaze as a Supplementary Modality for Interacting with Ambient Intelligence Environments
Context and Motivation
Scientific Objectives
Software Tools
Gaze, a Promising Pointing Modality
Gaze Control of Map-Based Applications
Gaze-Contingent Displays
Gaze, a Supplementary Modality to Speech
Conclusion
References
Integrating Multimodal Cues Using Grammar Based Models
Introduction
Related Work
Combinatory Categorial Grammar
OpenCCG
Hybrid Logic
Multimodal System
System Overview
Input Modules
Nominal-Timestamp Mapping
Grammars, Hybrid Logic Formulas
Processing Example
Conclusion
References
New Type of Auditory Progress Bar: Exploration, Design and Evaluation
Introduction
Method
Investigation of the Visual Progress Bar
Generating Possible Progress Bar
Parameters Concerning the Auditory Progress Bar
The Prospective Application for Auditory Progress Bar
Design of Auditory Progress Bar in Electronic Compass
Indication of the Progress in Finding Target
Generation of the Auditory Cues
Progress Sounds from the Different Grounds
Sounds Concerning the Target
Experimental Design
Results
Conclusions
References
Factors Influencing the Usability of Icons in the LCD Touch Screens
Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Materials and Stimuli
Subjective Evaluation
Procedures
Data Analysis
Results
Factors of Usability
Importance of the Usability of Elements
The Difference in Subjects’ Experience
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Natural Demonstration of Manipulation Skills for Multimodal Interactive Robots
Introduction
Related Research
Natural Demonstration of Manipulation Skills
The Service Robot TASER in Its Office Environment
Dialog System
Learning by Demonstration
Grasp Analysis
Conclusions
References
Smart SoftPhone Device for the Network Quality Parameters Discovery and Measurement
Introduction
Related Work
Smart SoftPhone with Discovering and Measuring Method
Modeling of Smart SoftPhone Functionality
Message Report and QoS-Factor Management
Procedures of an End-to-End Call Session Based on SIP Protocol
Procedures of Normal Call Session Establish and Release
Procedures of Abnormal Call Session Establish and Release
Implementation of Smart SoftPhone
Conclusion
References
BloNo: A New Mobile Text-Entry Interface for the Visually Impaired
Introduction
Background
Mobile Devices Text-Entry Methods
Visually Impaired Focused Approaches
Task Analysis
Our Approach
Vowel Navigation Method
Automatic Word Finishing – AWF
Task-Aware Dictionaries
Evaluation
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Low-Cost Portable Text Recognition and Speech Synthesis with Generic Laptop Computer, Digital Camera and Software
Introduction
Survey of the Needs
System Description
Operation from the User’s Viewpoint
System Architecture
Text Recognition with the System
User Tests
Results
Examples of Test Cases
General Comments of the Use and Development Ideas
Conclusions
References
Human Interface for the Robot Control in Networked and Multi-sensored Environment
Introduction
Robot in Networked and Multi-sensored Environments
System Architecture
Middleware for Networked and Multi-sensored Environment
Services Based System Architecture for Human-Robot Interaction
Data Streaming Service
Localization Service
Obstacle Detection Service
Display Service for PDA
Implementation
Hardware System
User Interface Using PDA
Test Scenario of Interaction Between PDA and Robot
Conclusions
References
Gesture-Based Interactions on Multiple Large Displays with a Tabletop Interface
Introduction
u-Table
Interactions
Applications
Conclusions
References
3D Model Based Face Recognition by Face Representation Using PVM and Pose Approximation
Introduction
3D Face Representation and Modeling
Shape Correspondence Using the Pixel-to-Vertex Map (PVM)
Face Model Generation
Head Pose Analysis
Marginal Pose
Pose Approximation Procedure
Fitting the 3D Model to a 2D Image
Experimental Results
Conclusion
References
The Use of Interactive Visual Metaphors to Enhance Group Discussions Using Mobile Devices
Introduction
Background
Rationale
History
MAVis
Discussion
Conclusion and Further Work
References
An Accessible and Usable Soft Keyboard
Introduction
Background
The $AUK$ Concept
A Multi-tier 3x3 Menu Structure
Entry Modes and Menu Layouts
Layouts for Novice, Moderate and Expert Performance
Discussion: $Universal Access$ to Text Entry
Towards Ambient Text Entry
References
Ambient Documents: Intelligent Prediction for Ubiquitous Content Access
Introduction
Ambient Documents
Ambient Document Construction and Delivery
Tourist Information Systems
GeoBlogging
Intelligent Prediction
Intelligent Techniques for Ambient Documents
Agent Factory Micro Edition
Related Research
Conclusion
References
Combining Pointing Gestures with Video Avatars for Remote Collaboration
Introduction
Overview
Analyzing Pointing Gestures
Head Detection
Fingertip Detection
Implementation and Results
Conclusion
References
Integrating Language, Vision and Action for Human Robot Dialog Systems
Introduction
Related Work
Architecture
Input
Representation
Interpretation
Reasoning
Output
Future Work
References
A New Gaze-Based Interface for Environmental Control
Introduction
Attention Responsive Interface for Environmental Control
System Development - Common Units
Object Recognition
User Interface
Device Control
ART System with Two Eye Trackers
ASL Head-Mounted Eye Tracker
Smarteye Remote Eye Tracker
System Integration and Comparison
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Geometry Issues of a Gaze Tracking System
Introduction
Eye Tracking System Models
Geometrical Analysis
Refraction Analysis
Experimental Results
Conclusions
References
Adaptive Context Aware Attentive Interaction in Large Tiled Display
Introduction
Related Research
System with Large Display in Virtual Environment
Tiled Display and Interaction
Perceptual Interface and Attentive Interaction
System Overview
Interaction in Tiled Display
Head Direction Orientation Using AR Marker
System Description
Experimental Result
Conclusion and Future Work
References
Improvements of Chord Input Devices for Mobile Computer Users
Introduction
Method
Research of Existing Keyboard and Mouse Input
Formulating Combination of Touch Pen and Chord Keyboard
Selection of Chord Keyboard Grouping
Experiment Design and Planning
Statistics and Analytical Method
Results
Research of Existing Keyboard and Mouse Input
Phase Two Experiment Result and Analysis
Phase Three Experiment Result and Analysis
Discussion
References
A Study of Control Performance in Low Frequency Motion Workstation
Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Mean Movement Time
Accuracy
Subjective Measurement
Discussions
Motion Direction
Approach Angle
Conclusion
References
An Ambient Display for the Elderly
Introduction
An Ambient Display System
Implicit Interaction
Picture-Based Three-Dimensional Spatial Navigation
Conclusion
References
Personal Companion: Personalized User Interface for U-Service Discovery, Selection and Interaction
Introduction
Related Work
Design of Personal Companion
Design Guidelines for User Interface
Embedded Marker
Functions of Personal Companion
Service Discovery
Service Selection
Service Personalization
Service Interaction
Implementation and Experiment
Conclusion
References
Author Index