Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators, Third Edition

✍ Scribed by David Katan and Mustapha Taibi

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 433
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This bestselling coursebook introduces current understanding about culture and provides a model for teaching culture to translators, interpreters and other mediators. The approach is interdisciplinary, with theory from Translation Studies and beyond, while authentic texts and translations illustrate intercultural issues and strategies adopted to overcome them.

This new (third) edition has been thoroughly revised to update scholarship and examples and now includes new languages such as Arabic, Chinese, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish, and examples from interpreting settings. This edition revisits the chapters based on recent developments in scholarship in intercultural communication, cultural mediation, translation and interpreting. It aims to achieve a more balanced representation of written and spoken communication by giving more attention to interpreting than the previous editions, especially in interactional settings. Enriched with discussion of key recent scholarly contributions, each practical example has been revisited and/ or updated.

Complemented with online resources, which may be used by both teachers and students, this is the ideal resource for all students of translation and interpreting, as well as any reader interested in communication across cultural divides.

Additional resources are available on the Routledge Translation Studies Portal: http://routledgetranslationstudiesportal.com/

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures and Tables
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Framing Culture: the Culture-Bound Mental Map of the World
Shifting Frames: Translation and Mediation in Theory and Practice
The Array of Frames: Communication Orientations
Part I Framing Culture
1 The Translator, Interpreter and Cultural Mediator
1.1 Translation … and Culture
1.1.1 Technical Translating
1.1.2 Internationalization and Localization
1.1.3 … Culture
1.2 The Cultural Mediator
1.3 The Translator and Interpreter
1.3.1 The Interpreter
1.3.2 The Translator
1.4 Clarification of Roles
Note
2 Defining, Modelling and Teaching Culture
2.1 On Defining Culture
2.2 Approaches to the Study of Culture
2.2.1 Behaviourist
2.2.2 Functionalist
2.2.3 Cognitive
2.2.4 summary of Behaviourist, Functionalist and Cognitive Approaches
2.2.5 Dynamic
2.3 Mcdonaldization or Local Globalization?
2.4 Models of Culture
2.4.1 Trompenaars’ Layers
2.4.2 Hofstede’s Onion Model
Practices
2.4.3 The Iceberg Theory
2.4.4 Hall’s Triad
Technical Culture
Formal Culture
Informal Culture
The Triad
Notes
3 Frames and Levels
3.1 Frames
3.2 Logical Levels
3.2.1 Environment: Where and When
3.2.2 Behaviour: What
3.2.3 Capabilities: How
3.2.4 Beliefs: Why
3.2.5 Values: Why
3.2.6 Identity: Who
3.2.7 Levels of Culture
3.3 Culture and Behaviour
3.3.1 Culture Is a Filter
3.3.2 Individuals Are Members of Many Cultures
3.3.3 Small/large Cultures and Cultures ‘On the Go’
3.3.4 The Distribution of Culture
3.3.5 Congruence
3.3.6 Ecological Fallacy
3.3.7 Summary
Notes
4 Logical Levels and Culture
4.1 Environment (where and When)
4.1.1 Physical Environment
4.1.2 Climate
4.1.3 Space
4.1.4 The Built Environment
4.1.5 Dress
4.1.6 Olfaction
4.1.7 Temporal Setting
4.2 Behaviour (What)
4.3 Capabilities/Strategies/Skills (How)
4.3.1 Language Channel and Style
4.3.2 Rituals and Strategies
4.4 Values
4.5 Beliefs (Why)
4.5.1 Ideological Environment
4.5.2 Proverbs
4.6 Identity
4.7 Imprinting
4.7.1 Biological Level
4.7.2 Emotional Level
4.7.3 Intellectual Level
4.7.4 Aesthetic Level
4.7.5 Meta Level
4.8 The Model As a System
4.8.1 Role Changes
4.8.2 Attribution Theory
4.8.3 Habitus
Notes
5 Language and Culture
5.1 Contexts of Situation and Culture
5.2 The Sapir.whorf Hypothesis
5.3 Lexis
5.3.1 Political Correctness
5.3.2 Categorization
5.3.3 Lexical and Conceptual Gaps
5.4 The Language System
5.4.1 Advertising
5.4.2 Interplay Between Language and Culture
6 Perception and Meta-Model
6.1 Filters
6.1.1 Filter 1: Physiological
6.1.2 Filter 2: Socialization/Culture
6.1.3 Filter 3: Individual
6.1.4 Filter 4: Language
6.2 Expectations and Mental Images
6.3 The Meta-Model
6.3.1 Assumed Sharedness
6.4 Generalization
6.4.1 Universal Quantifiers
6.4.2 Clarification
6.5 Deletion
6.5.1 The Use of Deletion
6.5.2 Modality
Intrinsic Modal Necessity
Intrinsic Modal Possibility
Clarification
6.5.3 Unspecified Referential Index
The Language Filter
Clarification
Culture/Socialization
6.5.4 Missing Performatives
Clarification
6.5.5 Value Judgements
Clarification
6.5.6 Comparatives and Superlatives
Clarification
6.5.7 Stance Adjuncts
Clarification
6.6 Distortion
6.6.1 Nominalization
Clarification
6.6.2 Presupposition
Clarification
6.6.3 Mind Reading
6.6.4 Cause and Effect
Clarification
Notes
Part II Shifting Frames
7 Translation/Mediation
7.1 The Translation Process
7.1.1 Decoding.encoding or Cognitive Creation
7.1.2 The Translation Process and Culture
7.2 The Meta-Model and Translation
7.3 Generalization
7.4 Deletion
7.4.1 Implicit → Explicit (addition)
7.4.2 The Context of Culture
7.4.3 Explicit → Deletion
7.5 Distortion and Adaptation
7.5.1 Manipulation and Adaptation
Notes
8 Chunking
8.1 Local Translating
8.2 Chunking
8.2.1 Chunking Up
8.2.2 Chunking Down
8.2.3 Lateral Chunking
8.3 Global Translation and Mediation Between Cultures
8.3.1 Text Function
8.3.2 Chunking From Texts to Cultures
8.3.3 Culture-Bound Lexis
8.3.4 Culture-Bound Behaviour
8.3.5 Chunking and Cultural Values
8.3.6 The Logical Levels of a Translator’s/interpreter’s Task
Part III The Array of Frames
9 Cultural Orientations
9.1 Cultural Myths
9.2 Cultural Orientations
9.2.1 Orientations
9.2.2 Cultural Orientations
9.3 A Taxonomy of Orientations
9.3.1 Environment
9.3.2 Time
Monochronic/Polychronic Time
Fixed/Fluid Time
Past/Present/Future
9.3.3 Space
Diffuse/Specific
9.3.4 Power
9.3.5 Individualism
9.3.6 Particularism
9.3.7 Competitiveness
9.3.8 Structure
9.3.9 Thinking
Deductive/Inductive
Linear/Systemic
Note
10 Contexting
10.1 High and Low Context
10.2 English → the Language of Strangers
10.2.1 American and British English
10.3 Contexting and the Brain
10.3.1 Lateralization, Translation Strategies and Translator/interpreter Role
10.4 Grammatical ‘be’ and ‘do’
Note
11 Transactional Communication
11.1 Transactional and Interactional Communication
11.1.1 First Level: Is the Context Transactional or Interactional?
11.1.2 Second Level: Does the Context Allow Both Spoken and Written Modes of Communication?
11.1.3 Third Level: Hcc and Lcc Orientations
11.1.4 Fourth Level: Kiss and Kilc Writing Styles
11.1.5 Fifth Level: Text Indicators
11.2 “Verba Volant, Scripta Manent”
11.2.1 Contracts
11.2.2 House Buying
11.3 Author/Addressee Orientation
11.3.1 Clarity Versus Completeness
11.3.2 Information Load
11.4 Formal/Informal Communication
11.4.1 Distancing Devices
11.5 Extrinsic Features
11.6 White Space Quotient
12 Interactional Communication
12.1 Expressive/Instrumental Communication
12.1.1 The Verbalization of Emotion
12.1.2 Under/Overstatement
12.2 Expression in Address Forms
12.2.1 Optimism/Pessimism
12.3 Direct and Indirect Communication
12.3.1 Cushioning
12.3.2 The English Dis-Ease
12.4 Cooperative Maxims and Miscommunication
12.4.1 Irony
12.4.2 The Counterargument
12.4.3 Interactional Complexities
12.5 The Action Orientation
12.5.1 Feedback or Criticism
12.6 Conversational Features
12.6.1 Involvement
12.6.2 Turn-Taking
12.6.3 Silence
12.6.4 Voice
12.7 Non-Verbal Language
12.8 The Role of the Mediator, Translator or Interpreter
Note
Concluding Remarks
What
References
Name index
Subject index
Blank Page