Epinephrine is the recommended drug for use m resuscitation from all types of cardiac arrest. Experimental evidence has shown that the actions of epinephrine important for the restoration of spontaneous circulation are mediated by the alpha-adrenergic properties. The beta-adrenergic effects do not aid restoration of spontaneous circulation, nor do they aid defibrillation; however, beta-adrenergic stimulation does increase the oxygen consumption of the fibrillating myocardium, a potentially deleterious effect. The important factor in restoring spontaneous circulation appears to be development of adequate coronary blood flow by increasing coronary perfusion pressure (aortic diastolic minus right atrial pressure). Aortic diastolic pressure can be increased by any potent alpha-adrenergic agonist. Because phenylephrine and methoxamine do not have significant beta-adrenergic actions, they should be considered as alternatives to epinephrine for aid in restoring spontaneous circulation. Once spontaneous circulation is restored, alpha-and~or beta-adrenergic agonists may be needed for circulatory support. Which drugs will provide the best longterm survival has not been established.