Cover
The Oxford Handbook of GLOBAL SOUTH YOUTH STUDIES
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Thank You to Our Reviewers
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Realigning Theory, Practice, and Justice in Global South Youth Studies
Introduction
A Case for Global South Youth Studies
Theorizing the Lived Realities of Global South Youth
Southern Representations, Research, Interventions, and Policy
Concluding Opening Comments
References
PART 1: THE SOUTH AND SOUTHERN YOUTH
Chapter 2: Why, When, and How the Global South Became Relevant
The Global South Emerges with Geopolitical, Economic and Epistemological Changes after World War Two
Connecting Modernity Unequally—Colonialism, Capitalism and Knowledge
Colonial Expansion—The First Process that Produced Modernity
Industrial Development and Capitalism—The Second Process that Produced Modernity
Global Knowledge Flows—The Third Process that Produced Modernity
Decolonized Ideas, ICT, and Capital Relocating Offshore—The Empowerment of the Global South
The Political South
The Economic South
The Epistemological South
Heading South with a Range of Paradoxes
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3: Youth of the Global South and Why They Are Worth Studying
Differences Between Youth—Heterogeneity, Binaries and Other Problems
Exploring Empirical Differences in the Lives of Northern and Southern Youth
Demographics
Poverty, Wealth, and Access to Technology
Crime and Violence
Employment and Social Protection
Measures of Inequality
Overall Quality of Life
Southern Theory: Making Sense of Difference, Avoiding the Trap of Binaries
The Hustle in Precarious Places: A Contextually Congruent Approach to Southern Youth
Dwelling at the North-SouthBorder To Reimagine Youth
Notes
References
Chapter 4: Global South Youth Studies, Its Forms and Differences among the South, and between the North and South
Introduction
African Youth Studies
Youth Studies in Latin America
Youth Studies in Asian Contexts
Caribbean Youth Studies
Afterword
References
Chapter 5: Southern theory and how it aids in engaging Southern youth
What is Southern theory?
Doing Southern theory
Case studies of Southern theory and engagement with Southern youth
Gender research in the context of precarity
Southern theory, youth, and disability
Conclusion
References
PART 2: SOUTHERN PERSPECTIVES LINKING THEORETICAL CONCEPTS TO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
PERSONHOOD
Chapter 6: An Indigenous Māori Perspective of Rangatahi Personhood
Introduction
Scanning the literature
What constitutes Māori personhood?
Methodology
Tangata Whenua—an ontology of relationality
Whakapapa—an epistemology of belonging
Kaitiakitanga—an axiology of care
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Chapter 7: Personhood and youth-making in contemporary Indigenous Amazonia
Introduction
Theorizing relational personhood in Amazonia
Persons in the web of human and nonhuman agencies
Acquiring personhood as an Indigenous adolescent
Socially produced Indigenous youth in Amazonian cities
Higher education andacquiring equality
Closing words
Acknowledgments
References
INTERSECTIONALITY
Chapter 8: Intersectionality, Black Youth, and Political Activism
Age as a Category of Analysis
Intersectionality, Age and Generational Analyses
Black Youth, Global Racism, and the Global South
Black Youth Activism in the United States
The Struggle for Education—Black Youth and School Desegregation
Resisting Mass Incarceration—Hip Hop as the Voice of Black Youth
The Struggle for Black Lives: Resisting State-Sanctioned Violence
Youth Activism in Global Context
Notes
References
Chapter 9: An Intersectional Approach to the ‘Mobility Trap’ That Ensnares Migrant Youth in China
Introduction
Conceptualizing intersectionality
Re-groundingintersectionality in youth studies in the Global South
A Case Study of the ‘Mobility Trap’ among Rural Youth
The history of the rural-urbandivide
The production of second-classcitizenship in the era of migration
Social class and ‘undeserving’ migrants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Reimagining Intersectionality and Social Exclusion in South Africa
Introduction
Theoretical Frameworks
Intersectionality and Social Exclusion in Education and Employment
Conclusion
References
VIOLENCES
Chapter 11: Unearthing Historical Violence in the Lives of Filipino Istambays Using Rizal’s Theory of the Colonial Philippines
Introduction
Violences and Historical Violence
A Brief Account of Philippine History and the Istambay Phenomenon
Rizal, Filipino Indolence, and Istambays
Growing-Up Filipino Indios/Istambays in the (Post)Colonial Philippines
Climate Change and Sustainability Discourse
Inherited Poor Governance
(Pre)colonial Claim to Globalization
The Sociology of Catholicism
(Un)educated Filipinos
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Chapter 12: Violences in the South African Student Movement
Introduction
Definitional Difficulties
Student Movements and Violence in South Africa
Students and Violence under Apartheid
Students and Violence after Apartheid
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
DE- AND POSTCOLONIALITY
Chapter 13: Tagore’s Vision of Postcolonial Youth Futurities in Education and Literature
Introduction
Colonial Education in India
The Global Spread of the Romantic Child
Colonial Bengali Children’s Literature and Tagore’s Vision of Childhood
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Coloniality, Racialization, and Epistemicide in African Youth Mobilities
Youth, Mobility, And Theory
The Case Study—Black African Migration to a Regional Australian City
Migration, Epistemicide, and the Coloniality of Power
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Youth Life Writing In a Postcolonial World
In search of a Chhotolok
The self and the collective as a conundrum of classifications
Provincializing life writing through postcolonial youth culture
Conclusion
References
CONSCIOUSNESS
Chapter 16: From Black Consciousness to Consciousness of Blackness
Introduction
Blackness as a Historical Identity
Consciousness of Blackness as Intellectual Heritage
Consciousness of Blackness as Self-Reliant Development—Latin American influences
Consciousness of Blackness as Anti-racism
The Pitfalls of a Nihilistic Radicalism
References
Chapter 17: Home, Belonging, and Africanity in the Film Black Panther
Introduction
The Fluctuating Politics of Belonging
Africanity
Diasporic Identity, Race, and Nation in Black Panther
Home, Rootedness, and Belonging
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18: Youth Digital Anti-Racism Activism in Brazil and Colombia
Introduction
Racist Speech and Its Implications in Brazil and Colombia
Do Luto à Luta [From Mourning to Fight]—The Diversity of Digital Anti-Racism Activism (DARA)
The Impacts of DARA
Reconstructing Identities
Addressing Racist Language
Resisting, Silencing, and Producing New Narratives
Conscious Education
Collective Action
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
PRECARITY
Chapter 19: Youth Employment, Informality, and Precarity in the Global South
Introduction
False Universals: Labor Markets, Urbanization, and Standard Employment Relations
False Universals Continued: Precarity and the 2008 Financial Crisis
Revisiting Lewis’s Model of Economic Development
From False Universals to Structural Barriers for Youth Employment
Building Labor Market Theory for the Global South
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Family, Child Labor, and Social Welfare in Peru
Work, Children, andEconomic Conditions
Brief Approach to Child Labor and Working Children and Adolescents
The Abolitionist Approach to Child Labor—A View from International Conventions
Work as an Alternative for Children’s Social Welfare
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Precarity, Fixers, and New Imaginative Subjectivities of Youth in Urban Cameroon
Introduction
Fixers as precarious agents
Masculinities as social infrastructure
Conclusion
References
FLUID MODERNITIES
Chapter 22: A Southeast Asian Perspective on the Role for the Sociology of Generations in Building a Global Youth Studies
Introduction
Generations
Using the Philippines and Indonesia to Think about Generations in the Global South
Extreme Southern Inequalities and Precarity Challenge the Homogeneity of Generations
From Global Generations to a Dialogue about Youth and Social Change
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Mapping Social Change through Youth Perspectives on Homosexuality in India
Introduction
Social Representations and a Theory of Social Change
Understanding Continuities and Fluidities in Social Representations
Amalgamation of the Past and Present in the Reification of Representations
Transforming Knowledge and the Potential for Resistance in the Global South
A Social Representations Approach to Sexuality in the Global South
A Case Study of Youth Perspectives on Homosexuality in India
Consequences of Knowledge Transformation
References
Chapter 24: Fluid Multilingual Practices among Youth in Cameroon and Mozambique
Introduction
Theoretical Deliberations from a Southern Perspective
Register Formations of Fluid Multilingual Practices in Cameroon and Mozambique
Repertoire characteristics, range, and social domains of recognition in Cameroon
Repertoire characteristics, range, and social domains of recognition in Mozambique
The Role of Multilingual Practices
Conclusion
References
Discography
ONTOLOGICAL INSECURITY
Chapter 25: Ontological Well-being and the Effects of Race in South Africa
Introduction
Ontological Insecurity in Discourse and Experience
Race, Being, and Ontological Insecurity in South Africa
The South African Data on the Effects of Race
Racial Discrimination
Well-beingand Discrimination
The Ontological Effects of Race
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Venezuelan Youth and the Routinization of Conflict
Introduction
Multiple Youths Dealing with the ‘Ordinary’ in the Global South
Conflict as Ordinary in the Lives of Venezuelan Youth
Critical Situations and the Maintenance of Ontological Security in the twenty-first Century
Constructing the Venezuelan Identity of University Students
Contested Securities: Young People’s Understanding of the Sources of Insecurity and the Context
Local Discourses on Security and Identity and the Routinization of Conflict
Conclusion
Notes
References
NAVIGATIONAL CAPACITIES
Chapter 27: Navigational Capacities for Southern Youth in Adverse Contexts
Introduction
The Emergence of Navigational Capacities
Why ‘Navigation’?
What is a ‘Capacity’?
A Repertoire of Navigational Capacities for Youth in the Global South
The Capacity to Act Alone, Self-Manage,and Develop Agency
The Capacity to Acquire a Range of Capitals
The Capacity to Aspire, Dream, and Plan Toward Possibilities
The Capacity to Analyze the Intersecting Impact of Policies and Practices
The Capacity to Achieve Open Identities, Solidarity, and Justice
The Capacity to Act Together for Each Other’s Good and Develop Collective Agency
A Formative Framework for Practice and Analysis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28: First Generation Students Navigating Educational Aspirations in Zanzibar and Ghana
Introduction
Navigational Capacities: The Capacity for Action and the Capacity to Hustle
Re/defining Agency and Hustling among Students in the Global South
Youth-Centered Methodologies
Getting to, Getting Through, and Getting by
Getting to—Hustling to Get to School
Getting by—Hustling to Finance Schooling
Getting Through—Hustling Through Self-Doubt and Fear
Implications for Theory and Praxis
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
Chapter 29: Rural Indonesian Youths’ Conceptions of Success
Introduction
Bourdieu, Colonialism, and Global Knowledge Production
Bourdieu, Reflexive Sociology, and Its Relevance to Global South Youth Studies
The Young People of Ngadas
Methodology and Theory
Rural Ngadas Youth and ‘Success’ as Social Capital
Interrogating the Utility of Bourdieu for the Global South
Conclusion
Note
References
COLLECTIVE AGENCY
Chapter 30: Necropolitics and Young Mapuche Activists as a Public Menace in Argentina
Age, ethnicity, and the internal other
Indigenism and youth in contemporary Argentina
Young Mapuche agency
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 31: Youth Protagonism in Urban India
Introduction
Conceptualizing Youth Citizenship in Indian Cities
Citizenship and Education
Youth Collective Agency and Protagonism
Self-Determining Engagements with Youth: The Case of YUVA
Malvani Yuva Parishad, a Youth Collective
Aman ke Saathi [Partners for Peace]: A Youth Campaign
Enabling Youth Protagonism in Global South Environments
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 32: Silence as Collective Resistance among Adivasi Youth in India
Introduction
Modernity, the Nation State, and Agency
Collective Agency and Silent Resistance
The Context and Resistance Strategies of Adivasi Youth
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
EMANCIPATION
Chapter 33: Youth Emancipation and Theologies of Domination, Resistance, Assistance, and Prosperity
Introduction
Precolonial African Religious Beliefs, Values, and Liberation
The Nature of God in Indigenous African Faith
Ubuntu/botho—the nature of our relational humanity
The arrival of colonial Christianity
The Onslaught and Enslavement of Colonial Christianity
The Global Rise of Black Theology of Liberation and Its Role in South Africa’s Freedom Struggle
Origins of Black Theology and Other Theologies of Liberation
The Black Consciousness Movement as an ideological basis of Black Theology in South Africa
The Decline of Black Theology in Post-1994 South Africa and a Theological Turn
Prosperity theology
Theology of reconstruction or assistance
Young People, Faith, and Freedom—Some Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 34: The Unfinished Emancipation of Egyptian Youth in the 2011 Uprising
Introduction
The Second Phase of Decolonial Emancipation: Self-Actualization
Youth Enlightenment Catalyzed Emancipatory Entitlement
Militant Divisions and Trauma Suppressed Enlightened Solidarity
Emotions as Social Mediators of the Future
The Afterlife of Enlightenment
References
PART 3: SOUTHERN REPRESENTATIONS, RESEARCH, INTERVENTIONS, AND POLICY
Chapter 35: Representations of Young People and Neoliberal Developmentalism in the Global South
Introduction
Stuart Hall on Representations
The Global South and Neoliberal Developmentalism
Young People as ‘Change Agents’ in Neoliberal Developmentalism
Young People and the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’
The ‘Young Entrepreneur’ in Neoliberal Developmentalism
How Young People Represent Themselves
What Does All This Mean?
Notes
References
Chapter 36: Researching the South on Its Own Terms as a Matter of Justice
Introduction
The Decolonial Turn in Knowledge Production
A Brief Description of the Research Case Study
Lessons from the Research Journey
Emancipatory Aims in Who Conducts the Research
Overcoming Ignorance and Unvalued Spaces
Building and Using Theory from the South
The Economics of Knowledge Production
Imperatives for Conducting Research from the South by the South
Speak Out—Insist on the Space to Produce Knowledge
Speak Back—Stay Geographically, Ethically, and Theoretically Grounded
Speak up—Root Research in Emancipatory Methodologies and Ontologies
Never be Spoken for—Find the Right Funding
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37: Social Network Interviewing as an Emancipatory Southern Methodological Innovation
Introduction
The Theoretical Footprint and Emergent Influences of SNI
Three Research Studies Through Which Social Network Interviewing Was Developed
Young Fathers
Youth Risk Behavior
University Student Struggles and Strategies for Success
The Eight Stages in a Social Network Interview
Stage 1 Select Appropriate People to Interview
Stage 2 Introduce the Topic for Discussion Through a Problem-Based Declarative Statement
Stage 3 Discuss Community Attitudes and Social Norms on the Topic
Stage 4 Evaluate Social Contexts and the Role of Institutions and Ideology in Possibilities for Change
Stage 5 Invite Critique of Current Behavior to Motivate Toward Action
Stage 6 Differentiate Between Individual and Collective Agency in Bringing About Change
Stage 7 Develop Strategies for Social and Systemic Change
Stage 8 Enlarge Networks to Embed Possibilities for Change
Opportunities and Challenges of Social Network Interviewing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 38: Freirean Inspired Trialogues to Empower Youth to Solve Local Community Challenges
Introduction
Paulo Freire—Radical Democratic Humanist
Freire in the Global South
Freire, Active Learning, and Constructivism
A Freirean Active-Learning Constructivism Framework for Youth Education
A Transferable Brazilian Experience to Empower Youth to Solve Community Challenges
Trialogue—A Step-By-Step 15-Week Project Development Process
Stage One: Hearing, Observing, and Formulating a Problem and Collective Action Plan
Stage Two: Research, Develop, Test, and Redefine Prototype
Stage Three: Finalize Solution, Document, and Distribute (4 Weeks)
Contrasting ‘Banking Education’ Monologue with This Freirean-Inspired Trialogue
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39: Youth, Social Contracting, and the Postcolony
The Social Contract
The Unenlightened Social Contract
Social Contracts for the Global South
Youth and Social Contracts
Conclusion: You’re On Your Own
Acknowledgment
References
CONCLUSION
Chapter 40: A Southern Charter for a Global Youth Studies to Benefit the World
Introduction
The South Commission
Development of the South of Benefit to the South and to the World
Solidarity and Self-reliance
Move from Subordination to Interdependence
Responsibility for Change Rests with Those from the South
The Handbook Journey, Its Aims and Lessons
Finding Southern Scholars: Southern Scholars Living Precarious Lives
The Struggle to Focus on Theory and Change Register
Unexpected Communities of Practice; The Wealth of Existing Southern Scholarship
Remaking Youth Studies as Global Youth Studies
The View from a Pandemic
A Southern Charter for Global Youth Studies
Conclusion
References
Index