The Logic of Social Practices (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 52)

✍ Scribed by Raffaela Giovagnoli (editor), Robert Lowe (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 198
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book reports on cutting-edge research concerning social practices. Merging perspectives from various disciplines, including philosophy, biology, and cognitive science, it discusses theoretical aspects of social behavior along with models to investigate them, and also presents key case studies. Further, It describes concepts related to habits, routines, and rituals and examines important features of human action, such as intentionality and choice, exploring the influence of specific social practices in different situations. Based on a workshop held in June 2018 at the 6th World Congress of Universal Logic, UNILOG2018, in Vichy, and including additional invited chapters, the book offers fresh insights into the fields of social practice and the cognitive, computational, and philosophical tools to understand them.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Collective Intentionality and Social Practices
Joint and Individual Intentionality: A Genetic, Phenomenological Approach
1 Introduction
2 Those Prioritizing Individual Intentionality Over Joint Intentionality
3 The Irreducibility and Priority of We-Intentionality
4 Beneath Theory: The Genetic Origins of Collective Intentionality
5 Genetic Origins: Social and Individual Intentionality in Alfred Schutz’s Phenomenology
6 Conclusion
References
Collective Phronesis? An Investigation of Collective Judgement and Professional Action
1 Introduction
2 Action and Practical Knowledge
3 Different Understandings of Collective Action
4 A Night Shift
5 Collective Phronesis?
6 Concluding Reflection
References
From Searle’s Speech Acts to Smith’s Truth-Makers
1 Introduction
2 Meaning
3 Truth Makers
4 Conclusion
References
Science, Ethics and Social Practices
The Biological Logic of Human Action: On the (Considerable) Difference Between “Rational” and “Adaptive”
1 Introduction
1.1 The Rationalist Assumption
2 The Unlikely Evolution, and Dubious Adaptive Value, of Rationality
2.1 Biology’s Blunt Tool
2.2 Rationality Is Orthogonal to Survival
2.3 Fitness Is Irreduceable to Survival
3 The Biological Logic of Human Action
3.1 Fulfilling the (Real) Tasks of Fitness
3.2 The Evolvability of Sociality
3.3 Elements of a Biological Logic of Human Action
4 Conclusion and Implications
4.1 Homo Duplex
4.2 Rationality as a Dependent Variable
4.3 A Systematics of Social Actors
4.4 Democratic Institutions—Weaponized Tribalism
References
Social Media: “Surrogate Tribes”?
1 Introduction
2 Emergent Properties of Our Neural-Hormonal System
2.1 The Senses
2.2 Hedonistic Tones
2.3 Reflexes and Instincts
2.4 Emotions and Feelings
2.5 Genetically Predisposed Fine-Tuning of Emotional Responses
2.6 The “Self” as a Biological Construct
2.7 Evolutionary Psychology
3 Human Communities and Social Media
3.1 The Species as a Comprehensive “Phenotypic Envelop” of Its Genetic Pool
3.2 The Evolution of Human Communities
3.3 Language
3.4 Tribal Instincts Showing Through the Social Media
3.5 The Role Played by Sexual Selection
4 Conclusion
References
Moral Bubble Effect
1 Epistemic and Moral Bubbles
2 Embubblement and Autoimmunity
3 Moral Bubble Effect: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Violence Lead to Disregard the Inflicted Harm
3.1 Language, Fallacies, and Moral Bubbles
3.2 Moral Viscosity and Consistency
3.3 Structural Violence
3.4 Moral Hazard
3.5 Banality of Evil and Decent Embubbled People
3.6 Mobbing and the Scapegoat Mechanism
3.7 Narcissism
3.8 Sacrifices
3.9 Moral Disengagement
3.10 Last Cases
4 Conclusion
References
The Computational Challenge of Amartya Sen's Social Choice Theory in Formal Philosophy
1 Introduction
1.1 The Social Choice Theory: A Short History
1.2 The Scheme of This Contribution
2 Social Welfare Functions as Social Choice Functions
2.1 Two Main Types of Social Welfare Function
2.2 Bergson-Samuelson Social Welfare Functions
2.3 Arrow Social Welfare Functions and the Impossibility Theorem'' 2.4 Amartya Sens Logic of Preferences and His Notion ofSocial Choice Function''
3 Sen's Theory of the Social Choice Functions and Its Anthropological Background
3.1 Sen's SCF Theory and the SCF Possibility Theorem'' 3.2 SCF Theories and Their Information Bases 3.3 SCF Theory and Rawls' Theory ofJustice as Fairness''
3.4 Sen's Theory of Social Choice Function Based on His Comparative Theory of Distributive Justice
4 Conclusion: The Computational Challenge of Sen's Theory
4.1 The Computational Challenge: The Dynamic Weighing of Variables
4.2 The Computational Challenge: The Necessity of AI Support and the Issue of Dynamic Weighing in Machine Learning
References
Could an Electronic Person Exist? Robots and Personal Responsibility
1 Introduction
2 Electronic Personality: The Issue
3 The Legal Definition of Person
4 Could Robot’s Electronic Personality Exist?
5 Conclusion
References
Habits, Routines and Rituals
Cognitive Dynamics of Research Routines: Case Study of MicroRNA
1 Introduction
2 The Conception of Research Routines Applied to the Discovery of MicroRNAs
3 The Cognitive Dynamics of MicroRNAs
4 The Breakthrough, Novel and Utility-Oriented Phases of the MicroRNAs Cognitive Dynamics
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Habit-Based and Goal-Directed Systems: Knowledge Transfer in Individual and Social Learning
1 Background
2 Habits, Goal-Directed Systems and Value Functions
3 Habits and Knowledge Transfer in Social Learning
4 Goal-Directed and Relational Knowledge Transfer in Social Learning
5 Conclusion
References
Agency of Breath—Beyond Disciplinary Views on Ritual
1 Introduction
2 “Ritual”—Reality and Disciplines
2.1 Etymological Meanings in Sanskrit
2.2 Hebrew Practical Origins
2.3 Ethnographic Facts and Conceptions
2.4 Marilyn Strathern’s Idea of Constructivism: “Culture Above Nature”
2.5 Alfred Gell’s Explication of Ritual
2.6 Performative Example of the Integral Function of Breathing (Physical and Intentional)
2.7 Karol Wojtyła on the Integral (Physical, Psychic, and Spiritual) Idea of the Person
2.8 A Brief Comparative Note
3 Concluding Remarks
References
From Habits to We-Intentionality: Rituals as Social Habits
1 Introduction
2 Post-Metaphysical Thought and Rituals
3 Habits Beyond Routines
4 Rituals as Social Habits
5 Conclusion
References