Technologies for Solar Thermal Energy: Theory, Design and, Optimization

✍ Scribed by Md Hasanuzzaman (editor)

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 386
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Technologies for Solar Thermal Energy: Theory, Design and Optimization presents concepts surrounding industrial process heat and thermal power generation, including detailed theory and practical considerations for design, performance analysis, and economic assessments. Addressing the significance of power generation from solar thermal energy, the book covers the different power cycles for solar thermal power plant and comparison analysis, along with the advantages of solar thermal power systems compared with photovoltaic systems, corresponding energy storage technology, working materials, and the design method of a solar thermal power plant.

This book is most valuable for lecturers, postgraduate and undergraduate students who will benefit from technological advances. In addition, researchers and engineers can use this book for modern theories and design aspects to enhance knowledge and conduct research in the field of solar thermal energy.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Technologies for Solar Thermal Energy
Technologies for Solar Thermal Energy: Theory, Design, and Optimization
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 - Fundamentals of thermal energy and solar system integration
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Foundation of thermodynamics
1.2.1 Basics of thermodynamics
System and control volume
Properties of a system
Temperature
Pressure
1.2.2 Basic energy conversion
Fossil fuel energy conversion
Renewable energy conversion
1.3 Thermal energy demand and supply
1.3.1 Sector wise thermal energy demand
1.4 Conventional thermal energy supply technologies
1.4.1 Boiler
Classification of steam boiler
Fire-tube boiler
Water-tube boiler
Modern boiler
Heat recovery steam generators
Recovery boilers
Boiler mountings and accessories
Superheaters and reheaters
Economizers
Air preheater
1.4.2 Combined heat and power
Gas turbine CHP plants
Solar energy conversion and integrated CHP plants
CHP plants for district heating
Selection factor for cogeneration systems
The potential of CHP in industrial sectors
1.5 Solar thermal integration
1.5.1 Integration of supply level
1.5.2 Integration on process level
References
2 - Solar thermal energy conversion
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The geometry of solar radiation
2.2.1 Latitude
2.2.2 Declination angle
2.2.3 Solar noon
2.2.4 Hour angle
2.2.5 Elevation/altitude angle
2.2.6 Zenith angle (θz)
2.2.7 Sunset hour angle (ωs) and daylight hours
2.2.8 Solar azimuth angle (γS)
2.2.9 Tilt angle or inclination angle (β)
2.2.10 Surface azimuth angle (γ)
2.2.11 Angle of incidence (θ)
2.2.12 Geometric factor (Rb)
2.3 Components and types of solar radiation
2.3.1 Irradiance
2.3.2 Irradiation or insolation
2.4 Calculation of extraterrestrial radiation
2.5 Calculation of terrestrial radiation
2.5.1 Measurement of terrestrial radiation
2.5.2 Terrestrial radiations databases
2.5.3 Terrestrial irradiation estimation from correlation
2.6 Calculation of beam and diffuse radiation on horizontal plane
2.6.1 The monthly average daily clearness index
2.6.2 The hourly clearness index
2.6.3 The daily clearness index
Hourly total irradiation from daily irradiation on horizontal
Hourly diffuse irradiations from daily diffuse irradiation on horizontal
2.7 Radiations on a tilted plane
2.7.1 Calculation of radiations on a tilted plane
2.7.2 Models for calculation of radiations on a tilted plane
Liu and Jordan model (iso, γ=0, I) (Liu & Jordan, 1960)
Liu and Jordan model (iso, γ=0, H) (Liu & Jordan, 1960)
Hay, Davies, Klucher and Reindl model (HDKR model) (iso+cs+hz, γ=0, I) (Yadav & Chandel, 2013)
2.8 Solar power conversion
2.8.1 PV systems
2.8.2 Solar thermal power production
2.8.3 Installations of PV modules or thermal collectors
2.8.4 Fixed type PV installations with an optimum tilt angle
2.9 Solar tracking technology
2.9.1 Classification of solar tracking
2.9.2 Closed loop tracking system
2.9.3 Open loop tracking system
2.9.4 Passive solar trackers
2.9.5 Single axis tracking
2.9.6 Double axis tracking
2.10 Worked out problems
References
3 - Heat exchanger for solar thermal energy
3.1 Basic concept of heat exchanger
3.1.1 Concept and definition
3.1.2 Classification of heat exchangers
Classification based on transfer processes
Classification based on physical construction
Classification based on flow arrangement
Compact heat exchanger
Heat exchangers coupled with solar thermal technology
3.1.3 Common heat exchanger technologies for solar thermal energy
Salt-steam heat exchanger system
Integrated photovoltaic thermal solar system with earth water heat exchanger
Multitank modular heat storage for solar thermal systems
Earth air heat exchanger
Single slope solar still integrated with helically coiled heat exchanger
Vertical straight and helical coiled pipe heat exchanger
Solar pond heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchangers
Submerged heat exchanger used for solar absorption
Fluidized bed heat exchanger
3.2 Design of heat exchanger
3.2.1 Mathematical modeling of earth water heat exchanger coupled with IPVTS (Jakhar et al., 2017)
3.2.2 Mathematical modeling of Earth Air Heat Exchanger system (Afrand et al., 2019)
3.2.3 Mathematical modeling of vertical straight and helical coiled pipe heat exchanger (Vaivudh et al., 2008)
Vertical straight pipe equations
Helical coiled pipe equations
3.2.4 Mathematical modeling of tube bundle of a shell and tube heat exchanger (Zaversky et al., 2014)
3.2.5 Hydrodynamics of fluidized bed heat exchanger (Farsi & Dincer, 2019)
3.2.6 Heat recovery heat exchanger in hybrid particle-based concentrated solar power plant (Farsi & Dincer, 2019)
3.3 Heat exchanger performance analysis
3.3.1 Performance analysis of IPVTS system with EWHE
3.3.2 Performance analysis of BIPVT integrated with earth air heat exchanger
3.3.3 Performance analysis of vertical straight and helical coiled pipe HE
3.3.4 Performance analysis of submerged heat exchanger for solar absorption
3.3.5 Performance analysis of fluidized bed heat exchanger
3.4 Problems and solutions on HEs
References
4 - Solar thermal collector
4.1 Basic concept of solar thermal collectors
4.2 Categorization of solar thermal collectors
4.3 Nonconcentrator collectors
4.3.1 Flat plate collector
Applications
4.3.2 Evacuated tube collectors
Application
4.4 Concentrator collectors
4.4.1 Compound parabolic and Fresnel lens collectors
Application
4.4.2 Parabolic trough collector
Parameter calculation
More equations for the model
Application
4.4.3 Parabolic dish reflector
Application
4.4.4 Central receiver or heliostat field reflector
Applications
References
5 - Solar photovoltaic thermal systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photovoltaic thermal technology
5.3 Solar cell or PV cell
5.3.1 Crystalline solar cell
5.3.2 Thin-film solar cell
5.3.3 Amorphous solar cell
5.3.4 Organic and polymer solar cell
5.3.5 Dye-sensitized solar cell
5.3.6 Hybrid solar cell
5.3.7 PV cell electrical parameters
p-n junction
Short-circuit current (Isc)
Open-circuit voltage (Voc)
Fill factor
Solar cell efficiency
Detailed balance
Boundary conditions
5.3.8 Performance of PV cell
Effect of temperature
Solar to electricity system
Solar to fuel system
Solar electricity to fuel system
5.4 Energy conversion in different types of PVT systems
5.4.1 Energy conversion in PVT/water system
Evaluation criterion of the PV/T system
5.4.2 Energy conversion in glazed PVT/water system
5.4.3 Energy conversion in unglazed PVT/water and PVT-PCM systems
5.4.4 Energy conversion in PVT/air system
References
Further reading
6 - Solar thermal power plant
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic concept of solar thermal power plant
6.3 Solar thermal power generation technologies
6.3.1 Solar tower power plant
6.3.2 Parabolic through solar power plant
6.3.3 Parabolic dish solar power plant
6.3.4 Linear Fresnel reflector solar power plant
6.3.5 Solar chimney power plant
6.4 Solar position modeling
6.4.1 Solar angle
6.4.2 Solar tracking angle
6.4.3 Direct normal beam insolation
6.5 Design of a parabolic through solar thermal power plant
6.5.1 Parabolic through collector design
Geometric configuration
Solar energy absorption modeling
Solar receiver design
Transfer of heat from the absorber to the heat transfer fluid
Conduction heat transfer through absorber wall
Transfer of heat from the absorber to the glass envelope
Vacuum in annulus (p<1 Torr)
Annulus pressure higher than 1 Torr
Radiation heat transfer from the absorber to the envelope
Conductive heat transport through the glass envelope
Heat transfer from HCE support bracket
Heat loss from the glass envelope to the atmosphere
Pressure drops from the piping system
HTF pump
6.6 Design of a solar tower power plant
6.6.1 Heliostat field modeling
6.6.2 Central receiver modeling
6.7 Heat transfer fluid
6.7.1 Available heat transfer fluid
6.7.2 Correlations for thermophysical property of HTFs
6.8 Site selection and mapping
6.8.1 Method related to sites selection of solar power plants
6.8.2 Evaluation criteria
6.8.3 AHP and ANP ranking approach
6.8.4 Site selection principle
6.8.5 Land selection and site elevation
6.9 Design of thermal collector for power plant
6.9.1 Flat plate solar collectors
Convection loss
Conduction loss
Radiation loss
6.9.2 Evacuated tube collectors
6.10 Solar aided power generation
6.11 Hybridization of power cycle with solar thermal energy resources
6.11.1 Hybridizing with Rankine cycle
6.12 Performance analysis
6.12.1 Overall efficiency
6.12.2 Fuel-based efficiency
6.12.3 Solar-to-electric efficiency
6.12.4 Solar heat fraction
6.12.5 Fuel saving fraction
References
7 - Solar thermal energy storage
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of solar thermal energy storage system
7.2.1 Sensible solar thermal energy storage
7.2.2 Latent solar thermal energy storage
7.3 Corresponding solar thermal energy storage technologies
7.3.1 Two-tank direct system
7.3.2 Two-tank indirect system
7.3.3 Single tank thermocline system
7.4 Effectiveness analysis of thermal storage
7.5 Design of a solar thermal energy storage system
7.6 Energy storage material thermal properties & selection
7.7 Example and solution
References
8 - Solar drying system
8.1 Fundamental conception of the solar drying system
8.2 Classification of solar dryers
8.2.1 Direct solar dryer
8.2.2 Indirect solar dryer
8.2.3 Mixed-mode solar dryer
8.2.4 Hybrid solar dryer
8.3 Components and selection of a solar dryer
8.3.1 Components of a solar dryer
8.3.2 Selection of a solar dryer
8.4 Solar drying design considerations for a product
8.4.1 Mathematical considerations of the triple-pass solar collector
Energy balance equations
For glass 1
For the airstream between glass 1 and 2
For glass 2
For the airstream between glass 2 and absorber
For the absorber plate
For the airstream between absorber and insulator
For the insulator
Heat transfer coefficient
Heat transfer coefficient inside the solar collector
Heat transfer coefficient from glass 1 to outside air
Radiative heat transfer coefficient
Thermal energy analysis
8.4.2 Mathematical considerations of the drying chamber
Energy balance equations
Mass balance for drying air
Energy balance for drying air
Amount of air required for drying
Mass conservation of a product
Energy conservation of a product
Amount of energy required for drying
Relative humidity and drying rate
Heat transfer coefficient
Thermal efficiency
Unit cost of the solar drying
8.4.3 Software tools in solar drying calculations
8.5 Characteristics of the solar drying
8.5.1 Drying curves
8.5.2 Drying kinetics
8.6 Role of solar drying systems
8.6.1 Economic aspects
8.6.2 Economic evaluation using dynamic method
8.6.3 Environmental aspects
8.7 Application of solar dryers
8.7.1 Application of solar dryer in agriculture
8.7.2 Application of solar dryer in industry
8.7.3 Application of solar dryer in marine
References
9 - Solar water desalination system
9.1 Basic concept of solar water desalination system
9.2 Solar water desalination processes
9.3 Indirect processes
9.3.1 Solar humidification and dehumidification desalination
9.3.2 Membrane distillation
9.3.3 Multistage flash
9.3.4 Vapor compression
9.3.5 Solar pond
9.3.6 Multieffect distillation
9.4 Direct processes
9.4.1 Solar stills
9.4.2 Bucket defluoridator
9.4.3 Still with a separate section of vapor condensation and condensate collection
9.4.4 Solar still coupled with flat-plate collector
9.5 Characteristics of solar water desalination system
9.5.1 Adsorption desalination system
9.5.2 Physical and schematic diagram of AD system
9.5.3 Design parameters and performance evaluation of the pilot-scale system
Design parameters
9.5.4 Equations for the required and released heat in the system
9.5.5 Performance evaluation
9.6 Design of an autonomous solar water desalination system
9.6.1 Mathematical modeling
9.6.2 Photovoltaic system: power and economic
9.6.3 Reverse osmosis desalination
9.7 Design method of solar water desalination system
9.7.1 Distillation method
Seawater desalination by multieffect humidification
Process control
Desalination system supplemented by a thermal storage tank
Simulation model of the distillation module
9.8 Performance analysis of solar water desalination system
9.8.1 Advanced humidification-dehumidification desalination system
9.8.2 Proposed combined system
Nomenclature
References
10 - Economic assessment of solar thermal energy technologies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic concept of solar thermal project planning
10.2.1 Causes for project planning
10.2.2 General planning
10.2.3 Life cycle phases
Formulation
Feasibility
Preliminary planning
Detailed design
Implementation
Examining and completion
10.3 Basic of project assessment
10.3.1 Economic analysis for project assessment and use of discounted cash flow
10.3.2 Economic feasibility indicators
10.4 Costs and cost estimating
10.4.1 Basic concept of cost
10.4.2 Fixed cost and variable cost
10.4.3 Breakeven point
Profit region
Loss region
10.5 Feasibility analysis
10.5.1 Concept of feasibility analysis
10.5.2 Technical feasibility (risk assessment and solutions)
Construction
Operation/commercial risk
Equipment
Economic
Market availability
Political
Environmental
Risk matrix is used to minimize risk in a project that includes (Yeo & Ren, 2009)
10.5.3 Operational feasibility (control, efficiency and service)
10.5.4 Schedule feasibility (timeline estimation and resources optimization)
10.6 Cost control
10.6.1 Basic concept of cost control
10.6.2 Importance of cost control
10.6.3 Purpose of cost control
10.6.4 Cost control planning
10.7 Tools for project economic performance analysis
10.7.1 Life cycle cost analysis
10.7.2 Net present value analysis
Net present value analysis sample problem
NPV shows the following advantages for solar thermal project assessment
But NPV has the following limitations for evaluating a solar thermal project
10.7.3 Internal rate of return analysis
10.7.4 Discounted payback period
Discounted payback period has the following limitations
10.7.5 Levelized cost of energy
10.7.6 Profitability index
Decisions for using the profitability index
Profitability analysis sample problem
10.7.7 Sensitivity analysis
References
11 - Environmental impact assessment of solar thermal energy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Environmental impact assessment
11.2.1 Purposes of EIA
11.2.2 Procedures and stages of EIA
11.2.3 Methods for EIA
Adhoc method
Checklist method
Matrix method
Network method
Overlay method
11.3 Life cycle assessment of industrial solar thermal systems
11.3.1 LCA scopes and inventory
11.3.2 Life cycle cost and support schemes
11.3.3 Life cycle impact assessment
11.4 LCA analysis of the fuel mix power generation
11.4.1 System description and assumptions
11.4.2 Designing and investigation
Energy analysis (first law)
Biomass segment
Solar segment
Steam turbine segment
11.5 Emission factor and analysis
11.5.1 Alliance between renewable energy certificate and emission factor
11.5.2 Achieving carbon emissions subsidence using solar energy
11.5.3 Carbon emissions subsidence costing
11.5.4 Essential emission calculation systems for proposing a combined system
11.6 Global warming potential
11.6.1 Global temperature
11.6.2 Net heat sources
Geothermal heat flow
Thermal pollution
Additional net heat sources
11.6.3 Earth's radiation balance
Net long wave radiation
11.6.4 Global warming in large-scale thermal energy storage
11.6.5 Steady-state global warming
11.7 Energy and environmental impact
11.7.1 Principles of environmental impact
11.7.2 Ecological impact
11.7.3 Environmental impacts of solar thermal electricity
11.7.4 Energy and environmental impact analysis
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
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