Advance Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Energy Technologies: Fundamentals, Principles, Design, Modelling and Applications (Green Energy and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Gopal Nath Tiwari

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 445
• Edition: 1st ed. 2023
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses topics such as solar energy, heat transfer, solar cell and photovoltaic module, greenhouse-integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (GiSPVT) system for agriculture and aquaculture, GiSPVT solar dryer, and PVT water and air collector for water heating, air heating, biogas heating and swimming pool heating, etc. The book also discusses energy matrices, including EPBT, EPF, and LCCE. It includes pedagogical elements such as exercises, tables, and figures including problems and objective questions at the end of each chapter. Further, it includes the unit conversion from FPS system to SI unit of each parameter, namely length, energy, power, velocity, pressure force, etc., and some standard constants used in examples. Quasi steady state and periodic modeling of PVT technology described in the book is a useful reference for students, researchers, and academicians to design solar energy-based technology.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Important Constants
Contents
About the Author
Nomenclature with Units and Notation
Greek Letters
Subscripts
1 General Introduction
1.1 Greenhouse Effect
1.1.1 Global Greenhouse Effect
1.1.2 Ecological Balance
1.2 Microclimate
1.3 Solar Radiation
1.3.1 Solar Constant
1.4 Earth-Sun Angles and Conversion Factors
1.4.1 Earth-Sun Angles
1.4.2 Conversion Factors
1.4.3 Total Solar Radiation on Inclined/Tilted Surface with Any Orientation
References
2 Water Quality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Quality for Human Consumption
2.3 Water Quality for Agriculture [8]
2.3.1 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
2.3.2 Water Salinity
2.3.3 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
2.3.4 Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC)
2.3.5 Turbidity
2.3.6 The pH of Water
2.3.7 The Color of Water
2.3.8 Alkalinity
2.3.9 Ion Toxicity
2.4 Water Quality for Aquaculture [9]
2.4.1 Total Alkalinity
2.4.2 Ammonia
2.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) [12]
2.4.4 Hardness [13]
2.4.5 Nitrite
2.4.6 Temperature [15]
2.4.6.1 The pH Value
2.4.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) [16]
2.4.8 Chlorine
2.4.9 Hydrogen Sulfide
2.5 Instruments to Measure Water Quality of Aquaculture Water Pond
2.5.1 Temperature Measurement
2.5.2 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the Water
2.5.3 Measuring pH Value
2.5.4 Measuring Conductivity and Salinity [17]
2.6 Experimental Uncertainty
2.6.1 Internal Uncertainty/Error
2.6.2 External Uncertainty/Error
References
3 Solar Cell and Photo-Voltaic Effect
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basics of Semiconductor and Solar Cells
3.2.1 Doping
3.2.2 Fermi Level (EF )
3.2.3 The p–n Junction
3.2.4 The p–n Junction Characteristics
3.2.5 Photovoltaic Effect
3.2.6 Solar Cell (Photovoltaic) Materials, Tiwari and Mishra [2]
3.3 Basic Parameters of Solar Cell
3.3.1 Overall Current ( I )
3.3.2 Short-Circuit Current ( ISC )
3.3.3 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc)
3.3.4 Maximum Power
3.3.5 Fill Factor (FF)
3.3.6 Solar Cell Electrical Efficiency ( ec )
3.4 Effect of Solar Cell Temperature (Tc ) on Its Electrical Efficiency
3.5 Generation of Solar Cell (Photovoltaic) Materials
3.5.1 First Generation of Solar Cell
3.5.2 Second Generation of Solar Cell
3.5.3 Third Generation of Solar Cell
3.5.4 Fourth Generation of Solar Cell
3.6 Applications of Solar Cells [9]
References
4 Photovoltaic (PV) Module and Its Panel and Array
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Photo-Voltaic (PV) Module
4.1.2 Photo-Voltaic (PV) Panel and Array
4.2 Materials of PV Module
4.2.1 Single Crystal Silicon (c-Si) Solar Cells Module
4.2.2 Thin-Film PV Modules
4.2.3 Single and Multi-Junction PV Modules
4.2.4 Emerging and New Organic PV Module
4.3 Design Parameters of PV Module
4.3.1 Packing Factor ( βc ) of PV Module
4.3.2 Electrical Efficiency of PV Module
4.3.3 Electrical Load Efficiency
4.4 Energy Balance Equations for PV Modules
4.4.1 For Opaque (Glass to Tedlar) PV Module (Fig. 4.1a), Tiwari and Sodha [16]
4.4.2 For Semitransparent (Glass to Glass) PV Module (Fig. 4.1b)
4.4.3 Series and Parallel Combination of PV Modules
References
5 Concepts of Greenhouse and Its Application
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Classification of Greenhouse
5.2 Applications
5.2.1 Crop (Vegetables/flowers) Production
5.2.2 Aquaculture (Fish Production)
5.2.3 Aquaponics [7]
5.2.4 Solarization [8]
5.2.5 Transparent Plastic mulching [10]
5.2.6 Solar Greenhouse Drying
5.3 Greenhouse Integrated Photo-Voltaic Thermal (GiSPVT) System
References
6 Construction of Greenhouse Integrated Semi-transparent Photo-Voltaic Thermal System (GiSPVT)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Low Technology/Low Cost Greenhouses
6.2.1 Wooden/Bamboo Base Greenhouse
6.2.2 PVC Pipe Structure Greenhouse
6.3 Medium Technology Greenhouses
6.3.1 Quonset Greenhouse
6.3.2 Even Type Greenhouse
6.3.3 Ridge and Furrow Type Greenhouse
6.4 High Technology (Hi-Tech) Greenhouses
6.5 Greenhouse Integrated Semi-transparent Photo-Voltaic Thermal (GiSPVT) System
6.5.1 Working Principle of GiSPVT
6.5.2 Layout Plan of GiSPVT
6.5.3 Foundation for GiSPVT System
6.5.4 Semi-transparent PV Module South Roof
6.5.5 Medium Tech GiSPVT
6.6 Photo-Voltaic System
6.6.1 Background
6.6.2 Description Specifications of Each Component
6.6.3 Description of Solar Power Plant Generation System
6.7 Junction Box
6.8 AC Distribution Box
6.9 Cabling
6.10 Fire-Fighting System
6.11 Data Logger
6.11.1 Erection and Commissioning Phase
References
7 Cultivation of Vegetables in Winter
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Root Media
7.1.2 Climatic Controlled Condition
7.2 Basic Parameters of Summer and Winter Vegetables Crop
7.2.1 Bottle Gourd (Lauki)
7.2.2 French Beans
7.2.3 Tomato
7.2.4 Capsicum
7.2.5 Cucumber
7.2.6 Broccoli
7.3 Root Media for Planting Vegetables and Temperature of Soil, Inside Medium Tech Greenhouse Room Air
7.3.1 Root Media
7.3.2 Soil Temperature
7.3.3 Greenhouse Room Air Temperature
7.3.4 Solar Radiation
7.3.5 Relative Humidity
7.3.6 Electronic Weighing Machine
7.3.7 Harvesting of Vegetables
7.4 Cultivation of Vegetables
7.4.1 Sowing of Seeds
7.4.2 Transplantation
7.4.3 Growing of Various Planted Vegetables
7.4.4 Maintenance of Inside Greenhouse
7.4.5 Cultivation of Vegetables
7.4.6 Fruiting of Vegetables
7.5 Measurements of Climatic Parameters
7.6 Harvesting of Vegetables
7.7 Electrical Output (Generation Off-Grid)
7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
7.8.1 Conclusions
7.8.2 Recommendations
7.8.3 Suggestions to Farmers
References
8 Thermal Modeling of Greenhouse Integrated Semi-transparent Photo-Voltaic Thermal (GiSPVT) System: Quasi-Steady-State Analysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Earth Air Heat Exchanger for Thermal Heating/Cooling
8.3 Working Principle of Greenhouse Integrated Semi-transparent Photo-Voltaic Thermal (GiSPVT) System
8.4 Basic Heat Transfer [53]
8.4.1 Conduction
8.4.2 Convection
8.4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer
8.4.4 Mass Transfer [54]
8.4.5 Total Heat Transfer [53]
8.4.6 An Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [53]
8.5 General Thermal Modeling of Quonset GiSPVT
8.6 Thermal Modeling of the Uneven GiSPVT
8.6.1 Analytical Expression for Water pond’s Temperature
8.6.2 Characteristic Equation
8.6.3 Exergy Analysis
8.6.4 Methodology for Numerical Computation for Uneven GiSPVT Greenhouse
8.6.5 Results and Discussion
8.6.6 Recommendations
8.7 Design of Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)
8.7.1 Optimization of Length of EAHE
8.7.2 Validation of Experimental Results
8.7.3 Optimization of Number of Risers and Headers for a Given Number of Air Exchange
8.7.4 Final Design of EAHE Integration with Quonset Greenhouse
8.7.5 Final Recommendations
8.8 Thermal Modeling of an Integration of EAHE with Room Air of GiSPVT
References
9 Thermal Modeling of GiSPVT Solar Dryer: Quasi-Steady State Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Solar Dryer
9.2.1 Open Solar (Sun) Drying
9.2.2 Controlled Environment Solar Drying System
9.3 Working Principle of Various Design of Solar Dryers
9.3.1 Solar Cabinet Dryer
9.3.2 Greenhouse Integrated Semitransparent PV Thermal (GiSPVT) Dryer
9.3.3 Active Indirect Solar Dryer
9.4 Heat and Mass Transfer
9.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
9.4.2 Evaporative Heat Transfer Coefficient
9.4.3 Evaluation of C and N Under Forced Mode of Operation for Indoor Simulation
9.5 Thermal Modeling of Single-Slope Fully Covered GiSPVT Dryer (Fig. 9.7, Section 9.3.2.1)
References
10 Thermal Modeling of Greenhouse Integrated Semi-transparent Photo-Voltaic Thermal (GiSPVT) System: A Periodic Analysis
10.1 Background
10.1.1 Steady-State Thermal Analysis
10.1.2 Transient Analysis
10.1.3 Quasi-steady-State Condition
10.1.4 Periodic Condition
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Design of Uneven GiSPVT with Partition with Porous Green Jute Net
10.4 Periodic Thermal Mathematical Modeling of GiSPVT
10.4.1 Time-Independent Matrix
10.4.2 Time-Dependent Matrix
10.4.3 An Overall Exergy of GiSPVT
10.4.4 Thermal Load Leveling
10.4.5 Decrement Factor (DF)
10.4.6 Computational Methodology
10.5 Numerical Results and Discussions
10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
11 Application of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Technology
11.1 Background
11.2 Aquaculture and Hydroponics/Aquaponics
11.2.1 The Freshwater Aquaculture Systems
11.2.2 The Brackish Water Aquaculture System
11.2.3 The Marine Aquaculture System
11.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Aquaculture
11.2.5 Experimental GiSPVT Water Pond
11.3 Thermal Modeling of Aquaculture Water Pond
11.3.1 Analytical Expressions for Water Pond Temperature
11.3.2 Electrical Power of GiSPVT
11.3.3 Monthly Average Electrical Output
11.3.4 The Yearly Electrical Output
11.3.5 Thermal Energy of GiSPVT
11.3.6 Energy Matrices
11.3.7 Methodology for Computation
11.3.8 Results and Discussion
11.4 The BiSPVT Passive Heating
11.5 PVT Water Collectors Connected in Series
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 System Description of N-PVT-CPC
11.5.3 Analytical Expression
11.6 SPVT Air Collectors Connected in Series
11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 Working Principle of SPVT Air Collector
11.6.3 Thermal Modeling of SPVT Air Collector, Tiwari et al. [47]
11.6.4 New Mass Flow Rate Factor at nth SPVT Air Collector
11.6.5 Expression for the Rate of Thermal Energy of N-SPVT Air Collector Connected in Series
11.6.6 Electrical Efficiency of nth SPVT Air Collector
11.6.7 Methodology for Numerical Computation
11.6.8 Results and Discussion
11.7 The PVT Air Collector for Room Air/Space Heating of Building
11.8 PVT Water Heating System
11.9 The PVT Integrated Biogas Plant [50, 51]
11.10 PVT Integrated Swimming Pool
11.10.1 Methodology to Evaluate the Variation of f with Time and Electrical Power
References
Appendix A Conversion of Units
Appendix B Specification of Solar Cell Materials
Appendix C Physical Properties of Some Materials
Appendix D Program of Calculation of Solar Radiation and Solair Temperatures on Building Surfaces
Appendix E Fourier Analysis
E.1 Periodic Function
E.2 Fourier Series
E.3 Fourier Coefficients
E.3.1 For Twenty-Four Hour Cycle
E.3.2 For Monthly Cycle
E.4 The Program for Evaluating Fourier Coefficient of Hourly Solar Radiation
E.5 Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation with Only 1st Harmonics
E.6 Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation with Only 2nd Harmonics
E.7 Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation with Only 3rd Harmonics
E.8 Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation with 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 6th Harmonics
E.9 Conclusions
Appendix F Matlab Code for Evaluating Fourier Coefficients
Appendix G Matrix Inversion Code for Real and Complex
Appendix H Steam Table for Saturation Vapor Pressure