Targeting Epigenetics in Inflammatory Lung Diseases

✍ Scribed by Gaurav Gupta (editor), Brian G. Oliver (editor), Kamal Dua (editor), Md Khadem Ali (editor), Piyush Dave (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 276
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses the role of epigenetics in pathogenesis of different pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary infections. It also explores post-translational modifications in DNA and histones for improving the understanding of lung diseases. This book helps in understanding the epigenetic mechanisms towards the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Further, the book provides insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of inflammation, which may have novel implications in designing small molecule inhibitors that target the epigenetic machinery for the effective treatment of a variety of inflammation‑related diseases. This book is a valuable resource for academics, research and industry professionals working in respiratory biology.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Introduction to Lung Disease
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Lung Diseases
1.2.1 Asthma
1.2.2 COPD
1.2.3 Lung Cancer
1.2.4 Cystic Fibrosis
1.2.5 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
1.2.6 Tuberculosis
1.2.7 Influenza A Virus Infection
1.2.8 COVID-19
1.3 Conclusion
References
2: Introduction to Epigenetics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Epigenetics
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 DNA Methylation
2.2.3 DNA Methylation: Establishment and Erasure
2.2.4 Histone Modifications
2.2.5 Higher-Order Chromatin Organization
2.2.6 Histone Acetylation
2.2.7 Histone Methylation
2.2.8 Other Histone Modifications
2.2.9 The ``Histone Code´´: Its Writers, Readers, and Erasers
2.2.10 Noncoding RNAs
2.2.11 RNA Modifications
2.3 Techniques for Epigenetic Analysis
2.3.1 DNA Methylation
2.3.2 Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
2.3.2.1 Technologies for Capturing the Conformation of Chromosomes
2.3.3 Methods to Analyze Methylation of RNA and ncRNA Species
2.4 Understanding the Roles of Epigenetic Modulating Enzymes
2.5 Single-Cell Epigenomics
2.6 DNA Methylation and Other Modification
2.7 Histone Modifications and Transcription Factor Binding
2.8 Chromatin Structure and Chromosome Organization
2.9 Epigenome Manipulation and Editing
2.10 Epigenetic Manipulation Techniques
2.10.1 Small-Molecule Inhibitors
2.11 Targeted Epigenome Manipulations
2.11.1 Zinc Finger Proteins
2.11.2 TALEs
2.11.3 CRISPR/Cas9 System
2.12 Conclusion
References
3: Epigenetic Mechanisms in Inflammation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inflammation
3.3 Histone Modifications
3.4 Histone Methyltransferases
3.5 DNA Methylation
3.6 Epigenetic Events in Inflammation
3.6.1 Histone Methylation and Inflammation
3.6.2 Histone Acetylation and Inflammation
3.6.3 DNA Methylation and Inflammation
3.6.4 MicroRNAs and Inflammation
3.6.5 Inflammation and Cancer
3.6.6 Epigenetics in Human Diseases and Ageing
3.7 Conclusions
References
4: Epigenetic Regulators of Inflammatory Gene Expression
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basics of Epigenetics
4.3 Epigenetic Regulation of Immune Cell Development and Function
4.3.1 Innate Immunity
4.3.2 Adaptive Immunity
4.4 T-Lymphocytes
4.5 B-Lymphocytes
4.6 Inflammatory Lung Diseases
4.6.1 Asthma
4.6.2 COPD
4.7 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
4.8 Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammatory Lung Diseases
4.8.1 Asthma
4.8.2 COPD
4.8.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
4.9 Targeting Epigenetics: Novel Epigenetic Therapy for Inflammatory Lung Disease
4.10 Conclusion
References
5: Epigenetics in Asthma
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Epigenetic Pathways
5.2.1 DNA Methylation
5.2.2 Histone Alteration
5.2.3 Silencing of Transcriptional Genes and Non-coding RNA
5.2.4 Asthma in Adults
5.2.5 Asthma in Children
5.2.6 Methylated Differentially in the Nasal Epithelial of African American Newborns
5.2.7 Asthma Risk and Vulnerability
5.3 Role of MicroRNAs in Asthma
5.4 Role of Histone Modifications in Asthma
5.5 Aspects of the Future
References
6: Epigenetic Optimization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inheritance and COPD
6.3 Genetic Methylation and COPD
6.4 HDAC2 Deregulation and COPD Induce Histone Modification
6.5 mRNAs as a COPD Disease Risk
6.6 miRNAs as a COPD Treatment Strategy
6.7 Conclusion
References
7: Epigenetics of Lung Cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cancer Epigenetics
7.3 Epigenetics of Lung Cancer
7.4 Epigenetics of NSCLC
7.5 Epigenetics of NSCLC Tumour Initiation
7.6 Epigenetic Determinants of NSCLC Progression and Metastasis
7.7 Epigenetics of Interactions Between NSCLC Cells and the TME
7.8 Epigenetics of SCLC
7.9 Translation of Epigenetic Knowledge to Clinical Practice
7.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
8: Epigenetics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Immuno-Pathophysiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
8.3 Tuberculosis and Epigenetic Modification and Regulations
8.3.1 Modifications of Histones
8.3.1.1 Methylation of Histones
8.3.1.2 Acetylation of Histones
8.3.2 Modification in Non-Coding RNAs´ Expression
8.3.3 Modifications in Methylation of DNA
8.4 Treatments for Tuberculosis That Aim at Epigenetic Alterations in the Mycobacterium
8.5 Future Perspective
8.6 Conclusion
References
9: Epigenetics of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Involvement of Environmental Factor in the Pathophysiology of IPF
9.3 IPF Association with Lung Cancer
9.3.1 Pathways Involved in the Progression of IPF into LC
9.3.1.1 Transforming Growth Factor-beta1
9.3.1.2 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
9.3.1.3 Abnormal Cell-Cell Communication
9.3.1.4 Wnt/beta-catenin Signalling Pathway
9.3.1.5 Hepatocyte Growth Factor
9.4 Several Aberrant Genes Expression Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of IPF
9.4.1 Surfactant Protein-C (SFTPC)
9.4.2 Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase and Telomerase RNA Component
9.4.3 Pulmonary-Surfactant Associated Proteins (SFTPA2) Mutations
9.4.4 Mucin 5B (MUC5B)
9.4.5 Toll-Like Receptor
9.4.6 Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Cassette Transporter A3(ABCA3)
9.5 Epigenetic and Genetic Abnormalities
9.6 Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
9.6.1 DNA Methylation
9.6.2 Histone Modification
9.6.3 Non-Coding RNA Regulation
9.7 Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
9.7.1 Symptom-Focused Therapy
9.8 Future Perspective of IPF Treatments
9.9 Conclusion
References
10: Epigenetics of Influenza: The Host-Virus Interaction.
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 An Introduction to Epigenetics
10.1.2 Epigenetics and Viruses
10.2 Influenza and its Epigenetic Changes on the Host
10.2.1 Influenza´s Effects on the Body´s Inbuilt Immune System
10.2.2 Influenza´s Effect on Host´s Cellular Mechanism
10.2.3 Epigenetics Effect on Pathogenesis and Progression
10.3 Epigenetic Changes Induced by Host on Influenza Virus
10.4 Summary
References
11: Epigenetics of Rhinovirus
11.1 Introduction
11.2 HRV Structure and Biology
11.3 Epigenetics
11.4 Epigenetic Landscape Alteration by Viral Infection
11.5 Epigenetic Implication in Rhinovirus Infection and Therapy
11.6 Conclusion
References
12: Epigenetics of SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Variation in the Genes Affecting SARS-CoV-2 Entrance Genetically and Epigenetically
12.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 Entry Mechanism-Related Genes
12.2.1.1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Receptor
12.2.1.2 Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 [TMPRSS2]
FURIN
12.3 Epigenetic Control of the Cytokines Storm in SARS-CoV-2
12.4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Genetic Modifications
12.4.1 DNA Methylation
12.4.2 Histone Modification
12.4.3 Non-Coding RNAs
12.5 Nutritional Epigenetics and Prognosis of the COVID-19 Illness
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Epigenetics of Haemophilus influenzae
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bacterial DNA Methyltransferases
13.2.1 Types of DNA Methyltransferases
13.2.2 Processes of Phase Variation in DNA Methyltransferases
13.3 Phase-Variable Type III Restriction-Modification Process
13.3.1 Methodology
13.3.1.1 Bacterial Growth Condition of H. influenzae
13.3.1.2 Fabrication of Mod and Res Types Mutant Strains of H. influenzae
13.3.1.3 Transformation of H. influenzae
13.3.1.4 DNA Formation, Manipulation, and Analysis
13.3.2 Analysis of Mutant Strains of H. influenzae
13.3.2.1 ApoI Cleavage Assay
13.3.2.2 South Western Analysis
13.3.2.3 5-CGAAT-3 as Rd. Mod Recognition Site in H. influenzae
13.3.2.4 Distinction of Mod Recognition Site in Various Strains of H. influenzae
13.3.2.5 Differences in the Mod Gene Sequence Classify 15 Distinct Clusters of H. influenzae
13.3.2.6 Multiple Strains Carry res Gene Mutations That Render It Inactive
13.3.2.7 Experiments on Type III Restriction Activity by Transformation with Methylation or Unmethylated Plasmids Created by M...
13.4 Future Perspectives of Epigenetics
References
14: Targeting Epigenetics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Targeting Epigenetics in PAH
14.2.1 DNA Methylation
14.2.2 Histone Modification
14.2.3 Crosstalk of DNA Methylation with Histone Modification
14.2.4 DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications as Therapeutic Targets of PAH
14.2.5 MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
14.2.5.1 MiRNAs as a Therapeutic Target for PAH
14.2.6 Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
14.2.6.1 LncRNAs in PAH
14.2.6.2 Therapeutic Application of lncRNAs in PAH
14.2.7 Circular RNAs (circRNAs)
14.2.7.1 CircRNAs in PAH
14.2.8 Microfluidic Based LoC Technology
14.2.8.1 Promising LoC Study with PAH
14.2.8.2 Microfluidic Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assays for Epigenetic Study
14.2.8.3 Quantification of Endothelial Cells of PAH by LoC Method
14.2.8.4 Conceptual Model Design for a PAH-Chip
14.2.8.5 Current Limitation of Microfluidic-Based LoC Study in PAH
14.3 Conclusion
References
15: Future Prospects and Challenges
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Epigenetics and General Mechanisms
15.2.1 DNA Methylation
15.2.2 Histone Modifications
15.2.3 Non-coding RNA Regulation
15.3 Epigenetics in Inflammatory Lung Diseases
15.3.1 Lung Inflammation
15.3.2 Lung Remodeling
15.4 Epigenetic Factor in Inflammatory Lung Diseases
15.4.1 Obstructive Lung Diseases
15.4.2 Restrictive Lung Diseases
15.5 Future Prospect of Epigenetics in Inflammatory Lung Diseases
15.6 Challenges of Epigenetics in Inflammatory Lung Diseases
15.7 Conclusion
References