Systems, Decision and Control in Energy IV: Volume IІ. Nuclear and Environmental Safety

✍ Scribed by Artur Zaporozhets, Oleksandr Popov

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 351
• Series: Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 456
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

In recent years, the scale of environmental hazards has been growing, emergencies occur more often at special facilities, in particular nuclear power, the largest of which was the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine on April 26, 1986. With the advent of nuclear power, it was believed that nuclear power reactors were safe enough, control and monitoring systems, protective screens and trained personnel would guarantee their trouble-free operation. There is also a trend now that nuclear power is "environmentally friendly" because it provides a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions with replacing power plants working on fossil fuels. Some countries, such as the United States, have recently classified nuclear energy as a renewable energy source. Despite this, nuclear power is potentially dangerous due to: - possible accidents at power plants, accompanied by the ejection of radioactive materials into the environment; - ejections of about 250 radioactive isotopes into the environment as a result of the operation of nuclear reactors; - emissions of 85Kr, which changes the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere. This gas behaves like a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, thereby contributing to anthropogenic climate change on Earth; - pollution of the biosphere with plutonium; - radioactive waste is the most important cause of environmental hazard, which remains unresolved. Civilian nuclear power reactors operating throughout the world annually generate large amounts of low-, medium- and high-level radioactive waste. Radioactive pollution accompanies all parts of the complex production of nuclear energy: the extraction and processing of uranium, the operation of nuclear power plants, the storage and regeneration of fuel, which has a significant impact on the environmental friendliness of nuclear energy. In addition, up to 300 natural and technogenic emergencies are registered annually, as a result of which people die and great economic damage is caused. The main reasons for the occurrence of technogenic accidents and catastrophes and the strengthening of the negative impact due to the occurrence of natural and technogenic emergencies in Ukraine are: obsolete fixed assets, in particular for environmental purposes; large volume of transportation, storage and use of hazardous substances; the emergency state of a significant part of public utility networks; insufficient investment support for the process of introducing the latest resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies in environmentally hazardous industries, primarily in the metallurgical, chemical, petrochemical and energy sectors; environmental problems associated with significant changes in the state of the geological and hydrogeological environment and caused by the closure of unprofitable mining enterprises and mines; unwillingness of economic subjects to take measures to prevent accidents and catastrophes at high-risk and potentially hazardous facilities.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Nuclear Power Engineering
Current State and Prospects of Smallmodule Reactors Application in Different Countries of the World
1 Introduction
2 The Main Material Presentation
2.1 Features of Small Modular Reactors Operation
2.2 World Experience in the Development of Small Modular Reactors
3 Conclusions
References
Modeling of Radiation Characteristics of Fuel-Containing Materials of the Shelter Object for Calculation Dose Rate
1 Introduction
2 Nuclear Fuel and Fuel-Containing Materials
2.1 Nuclear Fuel
2.2 Fuel-Containing Materials
3 Calculation of Irradiation and Cooling of Fuel
4 The Determinate of Material Balance for Modeling FCM
5 Description of the Model for Calculations
6 Results
7 Conclusions
References
Features of the Modern UAV-Based Complexes Use to Solve Radiation Control Problems
1 Introduction
2 Mobile Platforms
3 Air Platforms
3.1 Aircrafts with a Pilot
3.2 UAVs
4 Platforms to Solve Radiation Control Problems
5 Problems with UAVs Use
6 Examples of UAVs Using to Solve Radiation Control Problems
7 Conclusions
References
Features of Management of the Emergency Situation of Terrorist Nature on the Protected Critical Infrastructure of Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Justification of the Emergency Situation as a Spatio-temporal Process
3 Chronological Stages of Emergency Development
4 Tasks of Emergency Management
5 Generalized Structural and Logical Model of Emergency Management
6 Conclusions
References
Analysis of Existing Types and Protection Methods Against Neutron Radiation from Different Sources
1 Introduction
2 Means and Measures of Protection Against Ionizing Radiation
3 Protection Against Neutron Radiation from Various Sources
3.1 Boron
3.2 Gadolinium
4 Conclusions
References
Neutron Incident at the Chornobyl NPP Shelter Object: Study of the Causes and Impacts of Safety in the New Confinement
1 Introduction
2 Chronology of Neutron Incident and Results of Neutron Detectors Measurement
3 Supply of NAM Solution in the Area of DU № 50 Localization
4 Restoration of the NFD Dynamics in the NDFM Cluster
5 Determining the Cause of a Neutron Incident
6 Estimation of NFD, Reactivity, and Maximum Kef During the 1990 Neutron Incident
7 Description of the Most Probable Processes in the Critical Incident of 1990
8 Conclusions
References
General Characteristics of Radar Stations for Physical Protection of Nuclear Objects
1 Introduction
2 Main Types of Radar Stations and the Dominant Type of Radar
3 Tactical Characteristics of Radar Stations
4 Technical Characteristics of Radar Stations
5 Features of Main Tactical Characteristic—Range of Radar Station
6 Conclusions
References
Identification Process Features During Radar Observation Around Nuclear Objects
1 Introduction
2 Statement of Automated Identification Problem in Radar Surveillance Around Nuclear Facilities
3 The Classical Problem of Optimal Linear Filtering by the Minimum Mean Squared Error Criterion
4 The Classical Problem of Optimal Linear Filtering by the Criterion of Maximum Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5 Interpretation of Classical Solutions in Relation to the Problem of Automated Identification in Radar Surveillance Around Nuclear Objects
6 Conclusions
References
Analysis of Radiation Background and Its Changes as Tool to Prevent Terrorist Emergencies at Critical Infrastructure Objects
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Model of the Radiation Background
3 Radiation Background as Multifactorial Process
4 Change of Background with Third-Party Source
5 Verification of Mathematical Model with the Help of Developed Laboratory Installation
6 Proposals for Hardware Implementation of the Proposed Models
7 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Development of Magnetic Neutron-Shielding Materials: Chemical Grafting of the Boron-Containing Clusters onto the Surface of Fe3O4/Gd2O3 Nanocomposite Particles
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Remote Gamma Ray Mapping of Ground Surface: Mathematical Issues
1 Introduction
2 The Scheme of Remote Assessment of Gamma Ray Emission and Corresponding Mathematical Approach
3 Forward Problem and Its Solution
4 Inverse Problem and Its Solution
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Test of the Thermal-Hydro-mechanical Behaviors of Cherkasy Bentonite as Buffer Material of HLW Repository
1 Introduction
2 Literature Analysis and Problem Statement
3 The Purpose and Objectives of the Study
4 Experimental Program for Material Treatment (Wet and Dry at 150 °C)
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Environmental Safety
Assessment of the Greenhouse Gases Reduction by the Oil and Gas Sector of Ukraine to Meet International Climate Agreements
1 Introduction
2 Considered Scenarios Description
3 Results of Calculations
4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Implementation of Sequence-Stratigraphy Based Geological Studies in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Statement Purpose and Objectives of the Study
3 Research Methods
4 Research Results
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Information Technologies of Logging (Environmental Aspect)
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 The Impact of Hydrocarbon Production on the Environment
4 Inverse Problem
5 Conclusions
References
Impact of Modern Anthropogenic Factors on the Hydrological System of the Donbas
1 Introduction
2 Literature Analysis and Problem Statement
3 Research Results
4 Conclusions
References
Predictive Assessment of the Distribution Area and Duration of Demineralization of Residual Solutions After Mining of the Safonivske Uranium Deposit
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods of Research
2.1 Characteristics of the Safonivske Deposit
2.2 Description of ISL Technology
2.3 Technological Aspects Related to Acidification of Host Rocks
2.4 Theoretical Aspects of Migration of Slightly Acidic Solutions in Aquifers
3 Research Results and Their Analysis
3.1 Predictive Assessment of the Migration Parameters of Residual Solutions and the Duration of Their Neutralization
3.2 Geoposition Mapping of the Residual Acidity Distribution Area
4 Conclusions
References
Software and Modeling Tools for Assessment of Environmental Consequences of Open Flowing of Oil Wells
1 Introduction
2 Features of Oil Pollution Spread on the Earth’s Surface During Open Well Flowing
3 Mathematical Model of Oil Pollution of the Earth’s Surface During Open Well Flowing
3.1 Approaches to Solve Problems of Estimating Area of Liquid Spill on Solid Surface
3.2 Mathematical Model of Oil Well Flowing
3.3 Mathematical Model of Oil Spreading on the Earth’s Surface During Open Flowing of Oil Well
4 Software-Modeling Complex (SMC) for Solving Problems of Emergencies Prevention Related to Environmental Pollution During Open Flowing of Oil Wells
5 Modeling of Ground Surface Pollution During Open Flowing of Oil Well
6 Conclusions
References
Destruction of Trihalomethanes and Disinfection of Drinking Water by Electric Discharge Plasma
1 Introduction
2 Literature Analysis and Problem Statement
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Source Water for Disinfection and Method
3.2 Source Water for Oxidation of Chloroform and Method
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Disinfection
4.2 Chloroform Destruction
5 Conclusion
References
Prevention and Control of Harmful Effects of Water in Ukraine: State of Legal Support
1 Introduction
2 Literature Analysis and Problem Statement
3 Purpose and Objectives of the Study
4 Research Results
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
On the Issue of Radioecological Conditions of Surface Waters and River Sediments in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Research Methods
3 Research Results
3.1 Dnipro
3.2 Strontium-90 and Caesium-137
3.3 Uranium and Thorium Radionuclides in Bottom Sediments
3.4 Tritium in Water
4 Conclusion
References
Approaches to Assessing Consequences of Accidents During Transportation of Hazardous Substances by Road
1 Introduction
2 Regulations Covering Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road
3 Specialized Vehicles for Dangerous Goods Transportation
4 Existing Methods for Assessing Consequences of Chemical Accidents Related to Spillage (Release) of Dangerous Chemical Substances from Technological Tanks on Road Transport
5 Conclusions
References
Application of Renewable Energy Sources in the Design of Energy-Efficient Ecological Settlements (on the Kharkiv Region)
1 Introduction
2 Discussion
3 Purpose and Objectives
4 Research methods
5 Results
6 Practical Application
7 Conclusions
References