Sustainable construction materials copper slag

✍ Scribed by Dhir, Ravindra K;Brito, Jorge de;Mangabhai, Raman;Lye, Chao Qun

• Publisher: U.K., Woodhead publishing
• Year: 2016;2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 652
• Series: Woodhead publishing series in civil and structural engineering
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Sustainable Construction Materials: Copper Slag, as part of a series of five, the book aims to promote the use of sustainable construction materials. It is different to the norm and its uniqueness lies in developing a data matrix sourced from 400 publications, contributed by 712 authors from 337 institutions in 40 countries from 1964 to 2015, on the subject of copper slag as a construction material, and systematically, analysisng, evaluating and modelling this information for use in cement, concrete, geotechnics and road pavement applications. Related environmental issues, case studies and standards are also discussed. The work establishes what is already known and can be used. It would also help to avoid repetitive research and save valuable resources, which can instead be directed towards new research to progress the use of sustainable construction materials.

The book is structured in an incisive and easy to digest manner. As an excellent reference source, the book is particularly suited for researchers, academics, design engineers, specifiers, contractors, developers and certifying and regulatory authorities, seeking to promote sustainability within the construction sector.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Sustainable Construction Materials......Page 2
Related titles......Page 3
Sustainable Construction Materials: Recycled Aggregates......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Author Profiles......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
1 - Introduction......Page 16
1.1 Background......Page 17
1.2 Sustainable Construction Materials......Page 18
1.3 Recycled Aggregates......Page 20
1.4 Layout and Contents......Page 23
References......Page 25
2 - Methodology......Page 30
2.1 Introduction......Page 31
2.2.1 Identifying and Sourcing Literature......Page 32
2.2.2 Publication Timeline......Page 33
2.2.4 Publication Types......Page 35
2.2.5 Researchers Involved......Page 38
2.2.7 Subject Area Distribution......Page 40
2.3 Building the Data Matrix......Page 43
2.3.2 Data Mining and Parking......Page 44
2.4 Analysis, Evaluation and Modelling of Data......Page 47
References......Page 49
3 - Availability of Recycled Aggregates......Page 50
3.2 Sources of Construction and Demolition Waste......Page 51
3.2.1 European Waste Catalogue......Page 52
3.2.2 Construction and Demolition Waste......Page 53
3.3 Generation of Construction and Demolition Waste......Page 55
3.4 Barriers to Recycling Waste in the Construction Industry......Page 63
3.4.2 Price Sensitivity and Supply of Recycled Aggregates......Page 64
3.4.4 Quality of Recycled Aggregates......Page 65
3.4.5 Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate Production......Page 66
References......Page 67
4 - Processing of Recycled Aggregates......Page 72
4.2 Benefits of Selective Demolition......Page 73
4.3 Environmental Impact of CDW Processing......Page 75
4.4 Production and Collection of CDW......Page 77
4.5 CDW Recycling Plants......Page 80
4.5.1 Recycling Procedure......Page 83
4.5.2 Crushers......Page 86
4.5.3 Sorting and Contamination Removal......Page 88
4.5.4 Additional Recycled Aggregate Quality Enhancement Techniques......Page 90
4.5.5 Storage of CDW Before and After Processing......Page 93
4.6 Conclusions......Page 94
References......Page 95
5 - Properties and Composition of Recycled Aggregates......Page 104
5.2 Types of Recycled Aggregate......Page 105
5.3 Contamination in Recycled Aggregates......Page 106
5.4 Size and Shape of Recycled Aggregates......Page 107
5.5.1 Density......Page 108
(b) Processing......Page 109
(d) Fragments from Crushed Masonry......Page 110
(e) Statistical Analysis of the Density of Recycled Aggregates......Page 112
(a) Adhered Cement Mortar......Page 114
(c) Strength of the Source Materials......Page 115
(e) Statistical Analysis of the Water Absorption of Recycled Aggregates......Page 116
(a) Amount of Old Cement Paste Adhered to the Aggregate......Page 118
(d) Fragments from Crushed Masonry......Page 119
5.6 Chemical Composition of Recycled Aggregates......Page 120
5.6.1 Sulphate......Page 121
5.6.3 Alkali......Page 122
5.7.1 Classification of Recycled Aggregates......Page 123
5.8 Methodology for the Classification of Recycled Aggregates......Page 127
References......Page 138
6 - Use of Recycled Aggregates in Mortar......Page 158
6.2.1 Consistence......Page 159
(a) Recycled Aggregate Mortars Without Water Compensation......Page 160
(b) Recycled Aggregate Mortars with Water Compensation......Page 161
(c) Retention of Consistence......Page 162
6.2.2 Rheological Characterisation of Fresh Mortars......Page 163
6.2.3 Fresh Density......Page 164
6.2.5 Water Retentivity......Page 165
6.3 Hardened Mortar Properties......Page 166
(a) Recycled Aggregate Replacement Level......Page 167
(b) Effect of Water Compensation......Page 169
(c) Potential for Cement Reduction......Page 170
6.3.2 Flexural Strength......Page 171
6.3.3 Modulus of Elasticity......Page 174
6.3.4 Shrinkage......Page 175
6.3.5 Adhesive and Bond Strength......Page 176
6.3.6 Absorption, Permeability and Diffusion......Page 179
6.3.7 Water Vapour Permeability......Page 181
6.3.9 Freeze–Thaw Resistance......Page 182
6.3.10 Resistance to Sulphate Attack......Page 183
6.3.11 Efflorescence......Page 184
6.4 Conclusions......Page 185
References......Page 186
7 - Fresh Concrete Properties......Page 196
7.2 Consistence (Workability)......Page 197
7.2.3 Water Compensation during the Mixing Process......Page 198
7.2.4 Use of Superplasticisers in Mixes with Constant Total Water/Cement Ratio......Page 200
7.2.5 Evaluation of the Effects of Incorporating Recycled Aggregate with Different Moisture States......Page 201
7.2.6 Retention of Consistence......Page 205
7.2.7 Compaction Factor......Page 208
7.2.8 Recycled Aggregates with Varying Quality......Page 209
7.2.9 Water-Reducing Admixtures......Page 210
7.2.10 Mineral Additions......Page 211
7.3 Rheology......Page 212
7.4 Stability......Page 214
7.5 Air Content......Page 216
7.6 Fresh Density......Page 218
7.7 Conclusions......Page 219
References......Page 221
8 - Strength Development of Concrete......Page 234
8.1 Introduction......Page 235
8.2.1 Influence of Recycled Aggregate Content......Page 236
8.2.2 Size of Recycled Aggregate......Page 239
8.2.3 Type of Recycled Aggregate......Page 241
8.2.4 Quality of Recycled Aggregate......Page 243
8.2.5 Influence of Mineral Additions......Page 248
8.2.8 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag......Page 249
8.2.9 Other Additions......Page 251
8.2.10 Moisture State of Recycled Aggregate......Page 252
8.2.11 Influence of Chemical Admixtures......Page 254
8.2.12 Strength Development With Time......Page 258
8.2.13 Multiple Recycling......Page 261
8.3 Tensile and Flexural Strength......Page 262
8.3.1 Influence of Recycled Aggregate Content......Page 263
8.3.2 Strength Development with Time......Page 266
8.3.4 Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete......Page 269
8.4 Impact Loading......Page 271
8.5 Resistance to High Temperatures......Page 274
8.6 Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 279
9 - Deformation of Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate......Page 298
9.2.1 General Information......Page 299
9.2.2 Stress–Strain Relationship......Page 302
(a) Effects of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Content......Page 303
(b) Concrete Strength Grade Effect......Page 307
(c) Elastic Modulus and Compressive Strength Relationship......Page 309
9.2.4 Dynamic Elastic Modulus......Page 312
9.3 Creep Deformation......Page 313
9.3.2 Effects of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Content......Page 314
9.3.3 Effects of Concrete Strength Grade......Page 317
9.3.4 Effects of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Concrete Porosity......Page 319
9.3.5 Effects of Fly Ash......Page 321
9.4.1 General Information......Page 323
9.4.3 Autogenous Shrinkage......Page 326
(a) Effects of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Content......Page 327
(c) Strength Grade Effect......Page 330
9.4.5 Carbonation Shrinkage......Page 331
9.5 Estimation of Deformation of Concrete Using Existing Models......Page 333
9.5.1 Elastic Modulus Models......Page 334
(a) Estimated and Measured Elastic Modulus......Page 336
(a) Estimated and Measured Creep......Page 339
9.5.3 Shrinkage Deformation Models......Page 345
(a) Estimated and Measured Shrinkage of Concrete......Page 348
9.6 Authors’ Proposed Models for Estimating Deformation of Concrete......Page 351
9.7 Conclusions......Page 352
References......Page 354
10 - Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Durability Properties......Page 380
10.2.1 Recycled Aggregate Replacement Level......Page 381
10.2.2 Size of Recycled Aggregate......Page 384
10.2.3 Quality of Recycled Aggregates......Page 385
10.2.4 Moisture State of Recycled Aggregates......Page 386
10.2.5 Effect of Mineral Addition......Page 387
10.3.1 Recycled Aggregate Replacement Level......Page 389
10.3.2 Type of Recycled Aggregates......Page 391
10.3.3 Quality of Recycled Aggregates......Page 392
10.3.4 Moisture State of Recycled Aggregates......Page 393
10.3.5 Influence of the Mix Design......Page 394
10.3.6 Carbonation Rate Over Time......Page 396
10.3.7 Influence of Mineral Additions......Page 397
10.4.1 Recycled Aggregate Replacement Level......Page 398
10.4.3 Quality of Recycled Aggregates......Page 402
10.4.4 Moisture State of Recycled Aggregates......Page 404
10.4.6 Chloride Ion Penetration Over Time......Page 406
10.4.7 Influence of Mineral Additions......Page 408
10.5 Internal and External Chemical Attack......Page 410
10.5.1 Sulphate Attack in Recycled Aggregate Concrete......Page 411
10.6 Freeze–Thaw Resistance......Page 412
10.7 Resistance to Abrasion......Page 414
10.8 Conclusions......Page 415
References......Page 417
11 - Use of Recycled Aggregates in Geotechnical Applications......Page 434
11.1 Introduction......Page 435
11.2 General Information......Page 436
11.3.2 Particle Size Distribution......Page 437
(d) Los Angeles Abrasion......Page 440
(g) Sulphate Content......Page 442
11.5 Shear Strength......Page 444
11.7 Resilient Modulus......Page 448
11.8 Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 450
11.9 Sulphate Soundness......Page 451
11.10 Freeze–Thaw Resistance......Page 453
11.12 Case Studies......Page 454
11.13 Conclusions......Page 456
References......Page 457
12 - Use of Recycled Aggregates in Road Pavement Applications......Page 466
12.1 Introduction......Page 467
12.2.2 California Bearing Ratio......Page 468
12.2.3 Resistance to Permanent Deformation......Page 470
12.2.5 Deflection......Page 471
12.3.1 General Information......Page 472
12.3.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength......Page 473
12.3.3 Tensile Strength......Page 474
12.3.4 Resilient Modulus......Page 475
12.3.6 Freeze–Thaw Susceptibility......Page 476
12.4 Hydraulically Bound Applications: Concrete Pavements......Page 477
12.4.1 General Information......Page 478
12.4.2 Consistence......Page 479
12.4.3 Compressive Strength......Page 480
12.4.4 Flexural Strength......Page 481
12.5.1 General Information......Page 482
(b) Marshall Flow......Page 483
(d) Voids in Mineral Aggregates......Page 486
12.5.3 Stiffness Modulus......Page 487
12.5.4 Rutting Resistance......Page 489
12.5.5 Fatigue Resistance......Page 491
12.6 Environmental Impact......Page 493
12.7 Case Studies......Page 495
12.8 Conclusions......Page 497
References......Page 499
13 - Environmental Impact, Case Studies and Standards and Specifications......Page 510
13.2.1 Chemical Composition of Recycled Aggregates......Page 511
13.2.2 pH of Recycled Aggregates......Page 514
(a) Influence of pH......Page 515
(b) Influence of Particle Size......Page 518
13.2.4 Recycled Aggregates Used in Concrete Applications......Page 519
13.2.5 Recycled Aggregates Used in Geotechnical Applications......Page 520
13.2.6 Recycled Aggregates Used in Road Pavement Applications......Page 521
13.3.1 Recycled Aggregates Used in Non-structural Concrete......Page 522
13.3.2 Recycled Aggregate Use in Structural Applications......Page 525
(b) Recycled Aggregate Replacement Level......Page 529
Consistence......Page 531
(e) Long-Term In Situ Assessment......Page 533
(a) Unbound Applications......Page 534
(b) Hydraulically Bound Mixtures......Page 538
(c) Concrete Pavements......Page 541
(d) Bituminous Bound Applications......Page 555
(a) Classification and Composition of Recycled Aggregates......Page 557
(c) Density and Water Absorption......Page 564
(e) Design of Concrete Containing Recycled Aggregates......Page 568
13.4.2 Recycled Aggregates in Geotechnical and Road Pavement Applications......Page 573
13.5 Conclusions......Page 581
References......Page 583
14 - Potential for the Recycled Aggregate Market......Page 600
14.1 Introduction......Page 601
14.2 Life Cycle of Construction and Demolition Waste......Page 602
14.3.1 Taxation......Page 604
14.3.2 Deconstruction and Selective Demolition......Page 605
14.3.3 Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants......Page 608
14.4 Certification of Recycled Aggregates......Page 609
14.5 Conclusions......Page 612
References......Page 613
15 - Epilogue......Page 618
References......Page 622
A......Page 624
B......Page 625
C......Page 626
D......Page 630
E......Page 631
F......Page 632
G......Page 633
H......Page 634
I......Page 635
L......Page 636
M......Page 637
N......Page 638
P......Page 639
R......Page 641
S......Page 646
T......Page 648
V......Page 649
Z......Page 650
Back Cover......Page 652