Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Chapter 1 Strategic Reading Instruction
Introduction: How this Book is Organized
Putting It All Together: The Teaching and Learning Cycle
Background Briefing for Teachers: The Foundation Skills of Reading
Overview of the Evidence-Based Reading Foundations
When Are The Foundation Reading Skills Taught?
About The Common Core State Standards
Reading Assessment: The Basics
Principles of Reading Assessment
PRINCIPLE 1: ASSESSMENT INFORMS INSTRUCTION
PRINCIPLE 2: BE PREPARED: GATHER YOUR ASSESSMENT MATERIALS IN ADVANCE
PRINCIPLE 3: DOCUMENT STUDENTS’ GROWTH OVER TIME
The Four Purposes of Reading Assessment
Types of Reading Assessments Found in This Book
FORMATIVE READING ASSESSMENTS
SUMMATIVE READING ASSESSMENTS
CRITERION REFERENCED READING ASSESSMENTS
NORM-REFERENCED READING ASSESSMENTS
Characteristics of High Quality Reading Assessment
Reliability
Validity
Validity and Reliability in the Real World
Chapter 2 Response to Intervention (RTI): Differentiating Reading Instruction for All Readers
What Is RTI?
RTI as a Reading Safety Net
How Is RTI Implemented?
Implementing Effective Tier 1 Literacy Instruction
Essential Components of Evidence-Based Literacy Instruction
Essential Components of Standards-Based Literacy Instruction
Leading and Managing a Classroom Effectively
Establishing Classroom Routines
Systematic Instruction
Explicit Instruction
Implementing Effective Tier 2 Literacy Instruction: Triage in Classrooms
Small-Group Tier 2 Reading Instruction
Managing a Classroom When Implementing Tier 2 Instruction
Implementing Effective Tier 3 Literacy Instruction
“Outsourcing” Is Out
Chapter 3 Oral Language and Listening: The Foundation of Literacy
Background Briefing for Teachers
Speaking and Listening in the Common Core State Standards
Expressive Language: Speaking and Oral Language Development
THEORIES OF ORAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
THE BIRTH OF ORAL LANGUAGE
THE PHASES OF ORAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
INFUSE ACADEMIC VOCABULARY INTO ORAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
CREATE LANGUAGE-RICH CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENTS
Receptive Language: Listening
Assessing Oral Language Development
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) Assessment Using Technology
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Informal Language Inventory
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
The Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Teacher Rating of Oral Language and Literacy
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Word Use Fluency Test
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Picture Naming Test
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Oral Language Checklist
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Listening Ability
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test/Expressive Vocabulary Test (English & Spanish versions)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Story Retelling Evaluation Guide: A Listening Comprehension Assessment
Summary of Oral Language and Listening Assessment Strategies
Using Student Assessment Data to Guide Instruction: A Classroom Profile and an If-Then Teaching Strategy Guide
Teaching Strategies for Developing Oral Language and Listening
Alphaboxes
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Text Talk: Building Academic Vocabulary Using Online Resources
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Rule of Five: Improving Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Let’s Talk!
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
One Looks, One Doesn’t
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Poetry Potpourri (Appropriate for English Learners)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Storytelling
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Dialogic Reading
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Critical Dialogues
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Adapting Instruction for Those Who Struggle
Chapter 4 Early Literacy Skills: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness, Letter Name Knowledge, and Concepts about Print
The Foundations of Early Literacy
Background Briefing for Teachers – Part I: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
Background Briefing for Teachers – Part II: Letter Name Knowledge
Should We Teach a Letter a Week?
Not All Letters Are Created Equal! (Or Require The Same Amount of Instruction)
Allocated Instruction Time: Short is Sweet
Explicit Instruction is Key
Background Briefing for Teachers – Part III: Concepts about Print
Functions of Print
Mapping Speech onto Print
Technical Aspects of Print
Assessing Early Literacy Skills
Assessing Phonological Awareness
Same–Different Word Pair Task
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Syllable and Sound Counting Task
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Auditory Sound Blending Task
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Segmenting Sounds
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Dictation
Assesing Phonemic Awareness
Initial Consonant Sounds Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Blending Sounds Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Phonemic Segmentation Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Letter Name Knowledge
Letter Identification
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Letter Production Task
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
DIBELS Letter Naming Fluency (LNF)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Alphabet Knowledge Test (AKT)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Applications for Early Literacy Instruction
Assessing Children’s Concepts about Print
Concepts About Print Test
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Mow Motorcycle Task
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Using Student Assessment Data to Guide Instruction: A Classroom Profile and an if-then Chart for Early Reading Skills
Instructional Strategies for Teaching Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
Grab the Odd One Out
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Word Rubber Banding
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Picture Box Sound Counting (Elkonin Boxes)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Sing It Out
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Instructional Strategies for Teaching Letter Name Knowledge
The Sounds Rhythm Band
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Highlighting Letters Strategy
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Reading Published Alphabet Books
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
English Language Learners: Letter Name and Sound Mnemonics
Standard: No Specific Standards Offered
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Planning Explicit Alphabet Letter Knowledge Lessons
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Instructional Strategies for Helping Students Learn Concepts about Print
The Language Experience Approach: Working with English-first and English Language Learners
PURPOSE
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR A GROUP EXPERIENCE CHART
PROCEDURE FOR A GROUP EXPERIENCE CHART
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE STORY
PROCEDURE FOR INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE STORY
Voice Pointing
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Verbal Punctuation
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
E Books: Using Technology to Teach Concepts About Print
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Chapter 5 Phonics, Decoding and Word Recognition Skills
Background Briefing for Teachers
Phonics and the State Core Standards
Research on Phonics
The Need for Explicit and Systematic Phonics Instruction
Approaches to Phonics Instruction
Phonics Students Must Know
Letter Names and Sounds
Common Rules Governing Letter Sounds
THE C RULE
THE G RULE
THE CVC GENERALIZATION
VOWEL DIGRAPHS
THE VCE FINAL E GENERALIZATION
THE CV GENERALIZATION
R-CONTROLLED VOWELS
Special Consonant Rules
SINGLE CONSONANTS
CONSONANT DIGRAPHS, TRIGRAPHS, AND SILENT LETTER COMBINATIONS
INITIAL CONSONANT BLENDS OR “CLUSTERS”
DOUBLE CONSONANTS
PH AND THE /F/ SOUND
Special Vowel Rules
VOWEL DIGRAPHS OR “TEAMS”
SCHWA / ∂/
DIPHTHONGS
Y RULES
Other Phonics they use
Segmenting and Blending Sounds
Syllabication
Onset and Rime: Word Families
Body and Coda (Word “Chunks”)
Structural Analysis
High-Frequency or “Sight” Words
What Does A Good Decoding Program Look Like?
Assessing Students’ Decoding and Word Recognition
The Early? Names Test
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
The Starpoint Phonics Assessment (SPA)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
The Consortium on Reading Excellence (CORE) Phonics Survey 2nd Edition Section II, Decoding Skills (ESL Assessment)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Running Records
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
UNDERSTANDING MISCUES USING MSV ANALYSIS
THE MISCUE GRID: AN EFFICIENT RUNNING RECORDS SCHEME
ANALYZING RUNNING RECORDS USING A MISCUE GRID: MISCUE COUNTING AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
IMPLEMENTING RUNNING RECORDS: A SELF-EVALUATION RUBRIC
Assessing Sight Word Recognition: Thorndike-Lorge Magazine Count High Frequency Word List
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Sight Word Recognition: Zeno 107 High Frequency Word List
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
San Diego Quick Reading Assessment: Assessing Word Recognition for Placing Students in Text
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Using Student Assessment Data to Guide Instruction: A Classroom Profile
Connecting Assessment Findings to Teaching Strategies
Teaching Strategies: Helping Students Increase Decoding and Word Recognition
Adapting Decoding and Word Recognition Instruction for English Learners
Adaptations and Modification of Decoding and Word Recognition Instruction for English Learners (Spanish)
A Framework for Phonics Instruction
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Sequential Segmenting Strategy
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Hierarchical Segmenting
Sequential Blending Strategy for Single-Syllable Words
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Hierarchical Blending
Spelling in Parts (SIP)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Sound Swirl
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Word Boxes (Elkonin Boxes)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
The Drastic Strategy
PURPOSE
Using Technology to Teach Decoding and Word Recognition
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Chapter 6 Reading Fluency
Background Briefing for Teachers
What is Fluency?
Fluency and the Common Core State Standards
Assessing Children’s Reading Fluency
DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency (DORF) Test (Grades 1.5 and Up)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
One-Minute of Reading Test Plus Prosody
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Analysis of the 1 Minute of Oral Reading
Components of Fluency Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Using Student Assessment Data to Guide Instruction: A Classroom Profile
Connecting Assessment Findings to Teaching Strategies
Developing Reading Fluency for Each Student
Oral Recitation Lesson
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Fluency-Oriented Reading Instruction
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Repeated Readings
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assisted and Partner Reading
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Readers’ Theater
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Radio Reading
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Scaffolded Silent Reading (ScSR)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Explicit Fluency Instruction
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Neurological Impress Method
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
English Language Learners
Closed-Caption Television
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Read Naturally®
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURES
Choral Reading
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
PRETEACHING PREPARATIONS
TEACHING STUDENTS HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN WHOLECLASS CHORAL READING STRATEGY STEPS: MONDAY
TEACHER EVALUATION: CHORAL READING
Chapter 7 Reading Vocabulary
Background Briefing for Teachers
There Are Four Types of Vocabulary To Be Learned
Morphology
Levels of Vocabulary Learning
How Students Learn New Vocabulary
Reading Vocabulary and State Standards
Assessing Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge and Needs
Interactive Highlighting of Unknown Vocabulary (Real Time Technology)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Oral Reading Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Vocabulary Definition
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Word Map
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Multiple Dimensions of Word Knowledge
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Cloze Test (Modified for Academic Vocabulary Assessment)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
HOW DOES THIS PROCESS DIFFER FROM A TRADITIONAL CLOZE PASSAGE?
Maze Test
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Using Student Assessment Data to Guide Instruction: A Classroom Profile and an If-Then Teaching Strategy Guide
Connecting Assessment Findings to Teaching Strategies
Teaching Strategies for Vocabulary Development
Word Walls
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
OTHER POPULAR WORD WALL ACTIVITIES
Five-Step Method
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Making Words (Modified for Academic Vocabulary)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Frayer Model
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Vocabulary Cluster: English Learners
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Vocabulary Bingo!
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Think-Pair-Share
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Decent Stories
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Chapter 8 Reading Comprehension: Narrative Texts
Background Briefing for Teachers
What Research Says About Reading Comprehension
DIRECT EXPLANATION AND TRANSACTIONAL STRATEGY INSTRUCTION
NARRATIVE TEXT FEATURES AND STRUCTURE
A WORD ABOUT STATE STANDARDS AND NARRATIVE TEXT READING
Assessing Students’ Narrative Text Comprehension
Bloom’s Question Stems and Question Verbs
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURES
The Reading Strategy Use Scale (Modified)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Flynt/Cooter Reading Attitude Survey (Motivation)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURES
Self-Regulation Questionnaire—Reading Motivation
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Predictability Log (English Learners)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Social Collaboration Performance Outcome Evaluation
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Oral Story Retellings: Knowledge of Narrative Text Structure
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Story Grammar Map Assessment
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Reading Retelling Record (R3)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Click or Clunk: Assessment and/or RTI Strategy
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Narrative Pyramid
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Anecdotal Records: Technology Tools
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Digital Management Systems: E-Portfolios
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Using Student Assessment Data To Guide Instruction: If-Then Teaching Strategy Guide
Teaching Strategies: Narrative Reading Comprehension
Joint Productive Activity (JPA): Cooperative Learning and/or Response to Intervention (RTI)
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Story Grammar Instruction
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Graphic Organizers: Seeing the Structure of Stories
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Schema Stories: Using Story Structure Knowledge to Guide Text Comprehension
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Question–Answer Relationships (QAR): Answering Questions about Narrative Texts
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Summary Writing: Focus on Close Reading of Text
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Reciprocal Teaching (RT) – Narrative Text Application
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Directed Reading–Thinking Activity (DR-TA):
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
K-W-L Strategy
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Yarning Circles (English Learners): Background Knowledge, Motivation, and Close Reading
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Singing Routine: Technology
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Chapter 9 Teaching with Informational Texts
Background Briefing for Teachers
Informational Text: A Tale of Neglect
Increased Informational Text Reading in Today’s Society
Preparing the Reader to Successfully Read Increasingly Complex Informational Texts
What Makes Informational Texts Challenging?
Vocabulary
Sentence Structure
Coherence
Absence of Explicit Text Features
Implicit Text Structure or Organization
Reader, Text, and Task Considerations
Assessing Informational Text Comprehension
Assessing Comprehension of Informational Text
Modified Informational Text Reading Strategy Use Scale
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Modified Meta-comprehension Strategy Index
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
Motivation for Reading Questionnaire, Revised Version
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Student Reading Interest Survey
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Individual and Group Self-Assessment of Interactions with Informational Text
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Question– Answer Relationships (QARs): Author and Me and On My Own
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Comprehension of Informational Text: The Text
Informational Text Oral Retellings
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Text Frames to Assess Comprehension of Informational Text
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Informational Text Structure Assessment: Selecting a Graphic Organizer
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Question– Answer Relationships (QARs): Right There, Think and Search
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Assessing Text Complexity: Text Reader Match
Connecting Assessment Findings to Informational Text: Comprehension Instructional Strategies
Connecting Assessment Findings to Teaching Strategies
Strategies for Teaching Comprehension of Informational Texts Focusing on the Reader
Comprehension Process Motions: Engaging Movements to Promote Primary Grade Comprehension
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Building Students’ Background Knowledge
The Picture Walk
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Think-Pair-Share: Readers Collaborate to Comprehend
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Focusing on the Text
Becoming a Word Detective
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Graphic Organizers: Visual Representation of Informational Text Structures
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Close Reading of Informational Texts
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Increasing Text Complexity
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Teaching Informational Text: Comprehension Instruction Focused on the Task
Question Answering
Question–Answer Relationships: Answering Questions about Text—Text-Dependent Questions
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Question Generation
Elaborative Interrogation
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Retelling
Informational Text Oral Retellings
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Multiple Strategy Instruction
Reciprocal Teaching
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
English Language Learners
Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Collaborative Strategic Reading: Helping Students Who Struggle
PURPOSE
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Chapter 10 Extending our Reach: Summer Learning Loss, Family Involvement, and Professional Learning Communities
How are the Kids Doing?
A Call to Action
Professional Learning Communities
What Effective PLCs Look Like
Addressing Summer Learning Loss
Why American Schools Have Summer Vacation
What’s Wrong With Summer Vacation?
Why Low-Income Students Suffer More Summer Learning Loss
Why Preventing Summer Learning Loss Is Difficult In America
Ways To Reverse Summer Learning Loss
Summer Programs Sponsored by Public Libraries
Summer Programs and Resources Sponsored by Non-Profit Organizations
Getting Families More Involved
How Teachers Can Set The Stage
Easy Strategies For Parents To Use
In Conclusion . . .
References
Name Index
Subject Index
