Due to their high lipid content, tree nuts are energy-dense foods. However, they are also sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can affect the cardiovascular health in a positive way. Furthermore, tree nuts contain useful levels of plant sterols and their esters. The share of the esterified form ranges from 30% to 70%. Plant sterols are known to reduce serum cholesterol levels. The least known part of the lipid fraction in tree nuts is the group the carboxylic acid-5-hydroxytryptamides. They are suspected of causing stomach irritation, but also interfere with pain sensation. The C-5-HT level in tree nuts varies. Walnuts, hazelnuts, and almonds contain less than 10 mg/kg, but Brazil nuts show C-5-HT amounts of up to 1000 mg/kg. Therefore, tree nuts can contribute significantly to the daily intake of C-5-HTs. In all of the nuts analyzed, the fatty acid profiles of the TAGs and the sterol esters were similar, containing mainly oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. In contrast, the C-5-HTs generally consisted of saturated long-chain fatty acids.
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