Front Cover
Title page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Boxes
Revel Boxes
Maps
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method
The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners
The Sociological Perspective
1.1 Explain how the sociological perspective helps us understand that society shapes our individual lives.
Seeing the General in the Particular
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar
Seeing Society in Our Everyday Lives
Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis
The Importance of a Global Perspective
The Origins of Sociology
Applying the Sociological Perspective
1.2 Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career.
Sociology and Public Policy
Sociology and Personal Growth
Careers: The “Sociology Advantage”
Sociological Theory
1.3 Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches.
The Structural-Functional Approach
The Social-Conflict Approach
Feminism and Gender-Conflict Theory
Race-Conflict Theory
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach
Three Ways to do Sociology
1.4 Describe sociology’s three research orientations.
Positivist Sociology
Interpretive Sociology
Critical Sociology
Research Orientations and Theory
Issues Affecting Sociological Research
1.5 Identify the importance of gender and ethics in sociological research.
Gender
Research Ethics
Research Methods
1.6 Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods.
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment
Asking Questions: Survey Research
In the Field: Participant Observation
Using Available Data: Existing Sources
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Research
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 2 Culture
The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on
social issues such as abortion
What Is Culture?
2.1 Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival.
Culture and Human Intelligence
Culture, Nation, and Society
How Many Cultures?
The Elements of Culture
2.2 Identify common elements of culture.
Symbols
Language
Values and Beliefs
Norms
Ideal and Real Culture
Technology and Culture
2.3 Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture.
Hunting and Gathering
Horticulture and Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industry
Postindustrial Information Technology
Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World
2.4 Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change.
High Culture and Popular Culture
Subculture
Multiculturalism
Counterculture
Cultural Change
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
A Global Culture?
Theories of Culture
2.5 Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture.
Structural-Functional Theory: The Functions of Culture
Social-Conflict Theory: Inequality and Culture
Feminist Theory: Gender and Culture
Sociobiology: Evolution and Culture
Culture and Human Freedom
2.6 Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom.
Culture as Constraint
Culture as Freedom
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 3 Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch
Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity
3.1 Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality.
Human Development: Nature and Nurture
Social Isolation
Understanding Socialization
3.2 Explain six major theories of socialization.
Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development
George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self
Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Agents of Socialization
3.3 Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process.
The Family
The School
The Peer Group
The Mass Media
Socialization and the Life Course
3.4 Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life.
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old Age
Death and Dying
The Life Course: Patterns and Variations
Resocialization: Total Institutions
3.5 Characterize the operation of total institutions.
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 4 Social Interaction in Everyday Life
The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living
4.1 Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.
Status
4.2 State the importance of status to social organization.
Status Set
Ascribed and Achieved Status
Master Status
Role
4.3 State the importance of role to social organization.
Role Set
Role Conflict and Role Strain
Role Exit
The Social Construction of Reality
4.4 Describe how we socially construct reality.
The Thomas Theorem
Ethnomethodology
Reality Building: Class and Culture
The Increasing Importance of Social Media
Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self”
4.5 Apply goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations.
Performances
Nonverbal Communication
Gender and Performances
Idealization
Embarrassment and Tact
Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications
4.6 Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor.
Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling
Language: The Social Construction of Gender
Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 5 Mass Media and Social Media
The Power of Society to guide the way women and men use social media
What Is the Media?
5.1 Explain the meanings of three key concepts: media, mass media, and social media. media
Mass Media
Social media,
Media and the Message: Media Bias and Media Literacy
5.2 Investigate the issue of media bias and the need for media literacy.
Media and Bias
Media Literacy
The Historical Evolution of Mass Media and Social Media
5.3 Describe the historical evolution of mass media and social media.
Newspapers
Radio
Television
The Internet and the Rise of Social Media
In Summary
The Effects of Social Media on the Individual
5.4 Explore how the use of social media affects individuals.
Social Media and the Presentation of Self
Social Media and Self-Image
Social Media and Empathy
Social Media and Conformity
Social Media, Multitasking, and Attention Span
Cyber-Bullying
Social Media and Addiction
In Summary
The Effect of Social Media on Relationships
5.5 Assess how the use of social media may affect social relationships.
Social Media, Relationships, Parenting, and Predators
Social Media and Dating
The Effect of Social Media on Society
5.6 Identify several effects of social media on society.
Social Media and Culture
Social Media and Work
Social Media and Politics
Theories of Social Media
5.7 Apply sociology’s major theories to social media.
Structural-Functional Theory: The Functions of Social Media
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Social Media and Reality Construction
Social-Conflict Theory: Social Media and Inequality
Feminist Theory: Social Media and Gender
The Future of the Media
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations
The Power of Society to link people into groups
Social Groups
6.1 Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life.
Primary and Secondary Groups
Group Leadership
Group Conformity
Reference Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Group Size
Social Diversity: Race, Class,and Gender
Networks
Social Media and Networking
Formal Organizations
6.2 Describe the operation of large, formal organizations.
Types of Formal Organizations
Origins of Formal Organizations
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Organizational Environment
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy
Problems of Bureaucracy
Oligarchy
The Evolution of Formal Organizations
6.3 Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century.
Scientific Management
The First Challenge: Race and Gender
The Second Challenge: The Japanese Work Organization
The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work
The “McDonaldization”of Society
The Future of Organizations:Opposing Trends
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 7 Sexuality and Society
The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality
Understanding Sexuality
7.1 Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue.
Sex: A Biological Issue
Sex and the Body
Sex: A Cultural Issue
The Incest Taboo
Sexual Attitudes in the United States
7.2 Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States.
The Sexual Revolution
The Sexual Counterrevolution
Premarital Sex
Sex Between Adults
Extramarital Sex
Sex over the Life Course
Sexual Orientation
7.3 Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation.
What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation?
How Many Gay People Are There?
The Gay Rights Movement
Transgender
Sexual Issues and Controversies
7.4 Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality.
Teen Pregnancy
Pornography
Prostitution
Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape
Theories of Sexuality
7.5 Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality.
Structural-Functional Theory
Symbolic-Interaction Theory
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 8 Deviance
The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs
What is Deviance?
8.1 Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. deviance.
Social Control
The Biological Context
Personality Factors
The Social Foundations of Deviance
Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance
8.2 Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance.
Durkheim’s Basic Insight
Merton’s Strain Theory
Deviant Subcultures
Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance
8.3 Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance.
Labeling Theory
The Medicalization of Deviance
The Difference Labels Make
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory
Hirschi’s Control Theory
Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality
8.4 Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance.
Deviance and Power
Deviance and Capitalism
White-Collar Crime
Corporate Crime
Organized Crime
Race-Conflict Theory: Hate Crimes
Feminist Theory: Deviance and Gender
Crime
8.5 Identify patterns of crime in the united states and around the world.
Types of Crime
Criminal Statistics
The Street Criminal: A Profile
Crime in Global Perspective
The U.S. Criminal Justice System
8.6 Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system.
Due Process
Police
Courts
Punishment
The Death Penalty
Community-Based Corrections
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 9 Social Stratification
The Power of Society to shape our chances of living in poverty
What Is Social Stratification? Caste and Class Systems
9.1 Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world.
The Caste System
The Class System
Caste and Class: The United Kingdom
Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union
China: Emerging Social Classes
Ideology: The Power Behind Stratification
Theories of Social Inequality
9.2 Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality.
Structural-Functional Theory: The Davis-Moore Thesis
Social-Conflict Theories: Karl Marxand Max Weber
Symbolic-Interaction Theory:Stratification in Everyday Life
Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective
9.3 Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification.
Hunting-and-Gathering Societies
Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies
Industrial Societies
The Kuznets Curve
Inequality and Social Class in the United States
9.4 Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the united states.
Income, Wealth, and Power
Occupational Prestige
Schooling
Ancestry, Race, and Gender
Social Classes in the United States
The Difference Class Makes
Social Mobility
9.5 Assess the extent of social mobility in the united states.
Research on Mobility
Mobility by Income Level
Mobility: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Mobility and Marriage
The American Dream:Still a Reality?
The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure
Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality
9.6 Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States.
The Extent of Poverty
Who Are the Poor?
Explaining Poverty
The Working Poor
Homelessness
The Trend Toward Increasing Inequality
Are the Very Rich Worth the Money?
Can the Rest of Us Get Ahead?
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 10 Global Stratification
The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance of survival to age five
Global Stratification: An Overview
10.1 Describe the division of the world into high-middle-, and low-income countries.
A Word about Terminology
High-Income Countries
Middle-Income Countries
Low-Income Countries
Global Wealth and Poverty
10.2 Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.
The Severity of Poverty
The Extent of Poverty
Poverty and Children
Poverty and Women
Slavery
Explanations of Global Poverty
Theories of Global Stratification
10.3 Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.
Modernization Theory
Dependency Theory
The Future of Global Stratification
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 11 Gender Stratification
The Power of Society to guide our life choices
Gender and Inequality
11.1 Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification.
Male–Female Differences
Gender in Global Perspective
Patriarchy and Sexism
Gender and Socialization
11.2 Explain the importance of gender to socialization.
Gender and the Family
Gender and the Peer Group
Gender and Schooling
Gender and the Mass Media
Gender and Social Stratification
11.3 Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions.
Working Women and Men
Gender, Income, and Wealth
Housework: Women’s “Second Shift”
Gender and Education
Gender and Politics
Gender and the Military
Are Women a Minority?
Violence Against Women
Violence Against Men
Sexual Harassment
Pornography
Theories of Gender
11.4 Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification.
Structural-Functional Theory
Symbolic-Interaction Theory
Social-Conflict Theory
Intersection Theory
Feminism
11.5
Contrast liberal, socialist, and radical feminism. feminism
Basic Feminist Ideas
Types of Feminism
Public Support for Feminism
Gender: Looking Ahead
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity
The Power of Society to shape political attitudes
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
12.1 Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity.
Race
Ethnicity
Minorities
Prejudice and Stereotypes
12.2 Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.
Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale
Racism
Theories of Prejudice
Discrimination
12.3 Distinguish discrimination from prejudice.
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction
12.4 Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide.
Pluralism
Assimilation
Segregation
Genocide
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
12.5 Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.
Native Americans
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Arab Americans
White Ethnic Americans
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 13 Economics and Politics
The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs
The Economy: An Overview
13.1 Summarize historical changes to the economy.
The Agricultural Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society
Sectors of the Economy
The Global Economy
Capitalism
Socialism
Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism
Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy
13.2 Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the united states.
The Changing Workplace
Labor Unions
Professions
Self-Employment
Unemployment and Underemployment
The “Jobless Recovery”
Workplace Diversity: Race and Gender
New Information Technology and Work
Corporations
13.3 Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy.
Economic Concentration
Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages
Corporations: Are They Competitive?
Corporations and the Global Economy
The Economy: Looking Ahead
Power and Authority in Political Systems
13.4 Examine various types of political systems around the world.
Monarchy
Democracy
Authoritarianism
Totalitarianism
A Global Political System?
Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories
13.5 Analyze the operation of the U.S. political system.
U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State
The Political Spectrum
Special-Interest Groups
Voter Apathy
Should Convicted Criminals Vote?
Theories of Power in Society
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule
The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule
The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased
Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace
13.6 Explore global patterns involving revolution, terrorism, war, and peace.
Revolution
Terrorism
War and Peace
The Causes of War
Social Class, Gender, and the Military
Is Terrorism a New Kind of War?
The Costs and Causes of Militarism
Nuclear Weapons
Mass Media and War
Pursuing Peace
Politics: Looking Ahead
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 14 Family and Religion
The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs
Family: Concepts and Theories
14.1 Understand families and how they differ around the world.
Marriage Patterns
Residential Patterns
Patterns of Descent
Patterns of Authority
Theories of the Family
Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of the Family
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and the Family
Micro-Level Theories: Constructing Family Life
The Experience of Family Life
14.2 Analyze the diversity of family life over the life course.
Courtship and Romantic Love
Settling In: Ideal and Real Marriage
Child Rearing
The Family in Later Life
U.S. Families: Class, Race,and Gender
Current Issues of Family Life
14.3 Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage, and various family forms.
Divorce
Remarriage and Blended Families
Family Violence
One-Parent Families
Cohabitation
Gay and Lesbian Couples
Singlehood
Extended Family Households
New Reproductive Technologies and Families
Families: Looking Ahead
Religion: Concepts and Theories
14.4 Apply sociology’s major theories to religion.
Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of Religion
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Constructing the Sacred
Social-Conflict Theory: Inequality and Religion
Feminist Theory: Gender and Religion
Religion and Social Change
14.5 Discuss the links between religion and social change.
Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism
Liberation Theology
Types of Religious Organizations: Church, Sect, and Cult
Religion in History
Religious Trends in the United States
14.6 Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States.
Religious Affiliation
Religiosity
Religious Diversity: Class,Ethnicity, and Race
Secularization
Civil Religion
“New Age” Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion
Religious Revival: “Good Old-Time Religion”
Religion: Looking Ahead
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 15 Education, Health, and Medicine
The Power of Society to open the door to college
Education: A Global Survey
15.1 Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies.
Schooling and Economic Development
Schooling in India
Schooling in Japan
Schooling in the United States
Theories of Education
15.2 Apply sociology’s major theories to education.
Structural-Functional Theory: The Functions of Schooling
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Social-Conflict Theory: Schooling and Social Inequality
Problems and Issues in U.S. Education
15.3 Discuss dropping out, school choice, and other issues facing today’s schools.
Discipline and Violence
Student Passivity
Dropping Out
Academic Standards
Grade Inflation
School Choice
Common Core
Home Schooling
Schooling People with Disabilities
Adult Education
The Teacher Shortage
Schooling: Looking Ahead
Health: A Global Survey
15.4 Contrast patterns of health in lowand high-income countries.
Health and Society
Health in Low-Income Countries
Health in High-Income Countries
Health in the United States:Age, Gender, Class, and Race
Cigarette Smoking
Eating Disorders
Obesity
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Ethical Issues Surrounding Death
The Medical Establishment
15.6 Compare the medical systems in nations around the world.
The Rise of Scientific Medicine
Holistic Medicine
Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey
Paying for Medical Care: The United States
The Nursing Shortage
Theories of Health and Medicine
15.6 Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine.
Structural-Functional Theory: Role Analysis
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: The Meaning of Health
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and Health
Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 16 Population, Urbanization, and Environment
The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming
Demography: The Study of Population
16.1 Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration and how they affect population size.
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Population Growth
Population Composition
History and Theory of Population Growth
16.2 Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory.
Malthusian Theory
Demographic Transition Theory
Global Population Today: A Brief Survey
Urbanization: The Growth of Cities
16.3 Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world.
The Evolution of Cities
The Growth of U.S. Cities
Suburbs and Urban Decline
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities
Megalopolis: The Regional City
Edge Cities
Changes to Rural Areas
Urbanism as a Way of Life
16.4 Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life.
Ferdinand Tönnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Georg Simmel: The Blasé Urbanite
The Chicago School: Robert Park and Louis Wirth
Urban Ecology
Urban Political Economy
Urbanization in Poor Nations
16.5 Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies.
Environment and Society
16.6 Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming.
The Global Dimension
Technology and the Environmental Deficit
Culture: Growth and Limits
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society
Water and Air
The Rain Forests
Global Climate Change
Declining Biodiversity
Environmental Racism and Sexism
Toward a Sustainable Society and World
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Chapter 17 Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies
The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements
What Is Social Change?
17.1 State four defining characteristics of social change.
Causes of Social Change
17.2 Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, population patterns, collective behavior, and social movements direct social change.
Culture and Change
Conflict and Change
Ideas and Change
Demographic Change
Collective Behavior and Change
Social Movements and Change
Disasters: Unexpected Change
Visions of Modernity
17.3 Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity.
Ferdinand Tönnies: The Loss of Community
Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor
Max Weber: Rationalization
Karl Marx: Capitalism
Theories of Modernity
17.4 Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society.
Structural-Functional Theory: Modernity as Mass Society
Social-Conflict Theory: Modernity as Class Society
Modernity and the Individual
Modernity and Progress
Modernity: Global Variation
Postmodernity
17.5 Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism.
Modernization and our Global Future
17.5 Evaluate possible directions of future social change.
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life
Making the Grade
Glossary
References
Credits
Author Index
Subject Index