Abstract
Function, failure, and remodeling of the intervertebral disc are all related to the stress and strain fields in the tissue and may be calculatd by finite element models with accurate material properties, realistic geometry, and appropriate boundary conditions. There is no comprehensive study in the literature investigating the shear material properties of the annulus fibrosus. This study obtained shear material properties of the annulus fibrosus and tested the hypothesis that these properties are affected by the amplitude and frequency of shearing, applied compressive stress, and degenerative state of the tissue. Cylindrical specimens with an axial orientation from seven nondegenerated and six degenerated discs were tested in torsional shear under dynamic and static conditions. Frequency sweep experiments over a physiological range of frequencies (0.1β100 rad/sec) at a shear strain amplitude of 0.05 rad were performed under three different axial compressive stresses (17.5, 25, and 35 kPa). At the largest compressive stress, shear strain sweep experiments (strain amplitude range: 0.005β0.15 rad at a frequency of 5 rad/sec) and transient stressβrelaxation tests (shear strain range: 0.02β0.15 rad) were performed. The annulus fibrosus material was less stiff and more dissipative at larger shear strain amplitudes, stiffer at higher frequencies of oscillation, and stiffer and less dissipative at larger axial compressive stresses. The dynamic shear modulus, |G*|, had values ranging from 100 to 400 kPa, depending on the experimental condition and degenerative level. The shear behavior was also predominantly elastic, with values for the tangent of the phase angle (tanΞ΄) ranging from 0.1 to 0.7. The annulus material also became stiffer and more dissipative with degenerative grade; however, this was not statistically significant. The results indicated that nonlinearities, compression/shear coupling, intrinsic viscoelasticity, and, to a lesser degree, degeneration all affect the shear material behavior of the annulus fibrosus, with important implications for loadβcarriage mechanisms in the intervertebral disc. These material complexities should be considered when choosing material constants for finite element models.