Brainstem pathology in spasmodic dysphon
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Kristina Simonyan; Christy L. Ludlow; Alexander O. Vortmeyer
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Article
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2009
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John Wiley and Sons
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English
โ 157 KB
## Abstract Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a primary focal dystonia of unknown pathophysiology, characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. We examined two rare cases of postmortem brainstem tissue from SD patients compared to four controls. In the SD patient