Read, Reason, Write: An Argument Text and Reader
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
New to the Thirteenth Edition
Support for Instructors
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Critical reading and analysis
Chapter 1: Writers and Their Sources
Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
Responding to Sources
Abraham Lincoln, "The Gettysburg Address"
The Response to Content
The Analytic Response
The Evaluation Response
The Research Response
Deborah Tannen, "Who Does the Talking Here?"
Writing Summaries
Guidelines for Writing Summaries
A Reminder on Writing Process
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Guidelines for Active Reading
Ruth Whippman, "Actually, Let's Not Be in the Moment"
Using Paraphrase
Acknowledging Sources Informally
Referring to People and Sources
Luticha Andre Doucette, "Toward Disability Justice: Don't Forget the Plastic That Gives Me Freedom"
Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide to Form and Style
Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
A Brief Guide to Quoting
For Reading and Analysis
Cornel West and Jeremy Tate, รHoward Universityรs Removal of Classics Is a Spiritual Catastropheร
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 2: Responding Critically to Sources
Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
Who Is the Author?
What Type-or Genre-of Source Is It?
What Kind of Audience Does the Author Anticipate?
What Is the Author's Primary Purpose?
What Are the Authorรs Sources of Information?
Analyzing the Style of a Source
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Tone
Level of Diction
Sentence Structure (Syntax)
Metaphors
Organization and Examples
Repetition
Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
Erica Etelson, "The Seven Deadly Sins of Politi-Speak"
Writing about Style
Understanding Purpose and Audience
Planning the Essay
Drafting the Style Analysis
Madeleine Albright, ""US vs. Them" Thinking Is Tearing America Apart. But Here's Why I'm Still Hopeful about the Future"
Student Essay: Hannah Peek, "Style Analysis of Madeleine Albright's "Us vs. Them" Thinking"
Analyzing Two or More Sources
Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
Synthesizing Two or More Sources
Adam Grant, "Why I Taught Myself to Procrastinate"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Section 2: The world of argument
Chapter 3: Understanding the Basics of Argument
Characteristics of Argument
Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Arguments Should be Ethical
Argument Recognizes the Topicรs Complexity
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
Ethos (about the Writer/Speaker)
Logos (about the Logic of the Argument)
Pathos (about Appeals to the Audience)
Kairos (about the Occasion or Situation)
The Language of Argument
Facts
Inferences
Judgments
Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, "Your Brain Lies to You"
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
Claims
Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
Warrants
Backing
Qualifiers
Rebuttals
Using Toulmin's Terms to Analyze Arguments
Robert Reich, "The Unchecked Power of Police Unions"
For Analysis and Debate
Ida B. Wells, "Lynching, Our National Crime"
Nicholas Ensley Mitchell, "Bans on Critical Race Theory Could Have a Chilling Effect on How Educators Teach about Racism"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 4: Writing Effective Arguments
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Understand Your Writing Purpose
What Type (Genre) of Argument Am I Preparing?
What Is My Goal?
Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Planning Your Approach
Draft Your Argument
Guidelines for Drafting
Revise Your Draft
Rewriting
Editing
Original
Revision
A Few Words about Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
For Analysis and Debate
Darius Rejali, "Five Myths about Torture and Truth"
Kwame Anthony Appiah, "How the Future Will Judge Us"
Student Essay: Op Ed "How Mainstream Harm Reduction Efforts De-Center Black Lives in the Context of the Overdose Crisis"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 5: Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Visual Rhetoric and Visual Literacy
The C.A.R.P. Design Model
Guidelines for Reading Visuals
Guidelines for Reading Photographs
Guidelines for Reading Political Cartoons
Guidelines for Reading Advertisements
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Guidelines for Reading Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
Writing the Investigative Argument
Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
Planning and Drafting the Essay
Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
Preparing Graphics for Your Essay
Student Essay: Garrett Berger, "Buying Time"
For Reading and Analysis
Joe Navarro, "Every Body's Talking"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 6: Learning More about Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
"The Declaration of Independence"
Analogy
Logical Fallacies
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
Fallacies That Result from Avoiding the Real Issue
For Reading and Analysis
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Declaration of Sentiments"
Peter Wehner, "In Defense of Politics, Now More Than Ever Before"
Section 3: Studying some arguments by genre
Chapter 7: Definition Arguments
Defining as Part of an Argument
When Defining is the Argument
Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
Preparing a Definition Argument
Student Essay: Laura Mullins, "Paragon or Parasite?"
For Analysis and Debate
Eleanor Holmes Norton, "Norton Opening Statement at Hearing on D.C. Statehood Bill"
Nicholas Haslam, "Crossing the Aegean Is "Traumatic." Your Bad Hair Day Isn't."
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 8: Evaluation Arguments
Characteristics of Evaluation Arguments
Types of Evaluation Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
Preparing an Evaluation Argument
Student Review: Ian Habel, "Winchester's Alchemy: Two Men and a Book"
Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation or Rebuttal Argument
Douglas Holtz-Eakin, "Globalization Shouldn't Be a Dirty Word"
For Analysis and Debate
Josh Hammer, "One Way to Fix Plummeting Birthrates: Stop Bashing America"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 9: The Position Paper: Claims of Values
Characteristics of the Position Paper
Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
Preparing a Position Paper
Student Essay: Chris Brown, "Examining the Issue of Gun Control"
Nicolas J. S. Davies, "A People's Vaccine Against a Mutating Virus"
Alicia Lai, "It's Wrong to Target Asian-American Scientists for Espionage Prosecution"
Haider Javed Warraich, "On Assisted Suicide, Going Beyond "Do No Harm""
Amanda C. Demmer, "With Afghanistan's Fall, the U.S. Confronts a Moral Necessity It Faced Before"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 10: Arguments about Cause
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
An Example of Causal Complexity: Lincoln's Election and the Start of the Civil War
Mill's Methods for Investigating Causes
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
Preparing a Causal Argument
For Analysis and Debate
Caroline Simard, ""Daring to Discuss Women in Science": A Response to John Tierney"
Joseph Zengerle, "Why Future Officers Should Read Shakespeare, Know History and Understand Psychology"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 11: Presenting Proposals: The Problem/Solution Argument
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
Priya Natarajan, "Want More Scientists? Turn Grade Schools into Laboratories"
Richard Marcantonio, "Air Pollution Kills. Making That Official Can Help Us Tackle It."
Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument
For Analysis and Debate
Zoโ Julian, Rachel R. Hardeman, and Ryan Huerto, "Doctors Can't Treat COVID-19 Effectively Without Recognizing the Social Justice Aspects of Health"
Stephanie Wood, "3 Indigenous Women Talk COP26 and What Real Climate Solutions Look Like"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Section 4: the researched and formally documented argument
Chapter 12: Locating, Evaluating, and Preparing to Use Sources
Selecting a Good Topic
What Type of Paper Am I Preparing?
Who Is My Audience?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Work Log
Basic Form for Articles
Locating Sources
Research on the Web and Information Literacy
Guidelines for Searching the Web
The Library Book Catalog
The Library Reference Collection
Library Databases
Guidelines for Using Online Databases
Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Interview Questions
Lectures
Films, DVDs, Television
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
Preparing an Annotated Bibliography
Zaryn Kamara, "Solutions to Combat High Maternal Mortality Rates for Black Women: Selected Annotated Bibliography"
Chapter 13: Writing the Researched Essay
Guidelines for Studying Sources
Attribution and Avoiding Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Confusion
Guidelines for Appropriately Using and Attributing Sources
Organizing the Paper
Drafting the Essay
Plan Your Time
Handle In-Text Documentation as You Draft
Choose an Appropriate Writing Style
Write Effective Introductions
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Write Effective Conclusions
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Rewriting
Editing
Proofreading
The Completed Paper
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style: Zaryn Kamara, รSolutions to Combat High Maternal Mortality Rates for Black Womenร
Chapter 14: Formal Documentation: MLA Style, APA Style
Guidelines for Using Parenthetical Documentation
The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation
Placement of Parenthetical Documentation
Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a Works Cited List
Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book
Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book
Forms for Digital Sources
Forms for Other Print and Nonprint Sources
Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers
Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Newspapers Accessed in Print
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Form for Books
Form for Electronic Sources
Form for Articles
Sample Student Essay In APA Style: Avery Downes, "Rhetorical Strategies and Genre in Obama's Remarks"
Section 5: A Collection of Readings
Chapter 15: The Media: Image and Reality
Heather C. McGhee, "I'm Prejudiced," He Said. And Then We Kept Talking."
Tim Wu, "Mother Nature Is Brought to You By. . ."
Michael J. O'Brien and Izzat Alsmadi, "Misinformation, Disinformation, and Hoaxes: What's the Difference?"
H. Colleen Sinclair, "7 Ways to Avoid Becoming a Misinformation Superspreader"
Chapter 16: Misinformation, Disinformation, and the Role of Social Media
Jennifer Mercieca, "We Are All Propagandists Now"
Alexandre Alaphilippe, "Disinformation Is Evolving to Move Under the Radar"
George Yancy, "I Am a Dangerous Professor"
Amy Yee, "How to Combat Disinformation Targeting Black Communities"
Chapter 17: Race in America
Kaye Wise Whitehead, "A Never Ending War"
Barack H. Obama, "Remarks by the President at the 50th Anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery Marches"
Amy Chua, "Immigrate, Assimilate"
Adam Mahoney, "Deb Haaland Is Taking On Racist Names on Federal Lands"
Xinrou Shu, "What Shang-Chi and the Legend of Ten Rings Gets Right about Chinese Food"
Brian Lopez, "Texas Republicans to Investigate School Districts' Books That Mention Race and Sexuality"
Chapter 18: Gender and Gender Identity
Lisa Jaster, "Women Will Make Units Stronger"
Gloria Steinem, "Supremacy Crimes"
Sean G. Massey, Mei-Hsiu Chen, and Sarah Young, "Feminism's Legacy Sees College Women Embracing More Diverse Sexuality"
Catherine Armstrong, "The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools"
Braden Hill and Stevie Lane, "No, You Can't Identify as 'Transracial." But You Can Affirm Your Gender"
Erin Brodwin, The Secret to Efficient Teamwork Is Ridiculously Simple
Chapter 19: Laws and Rights: Issues of Gun Safety and Policing
Phillip Levine and Robin McKnight, "Three Million More Guns: The Spring 2020 Spike in Firearm Sales"
Kassidy Tarala, "The Sentencing of Derek Chauvin Is Punishment-Not Justice"
Amanda Calhoun, "End Police Violence Against Black Americans"
Lornet Turnbull, "Gun Violence Research Matters. Here's Why."
Chapter 20: The Environment: How Do We Address the Climate Crisis?
Kate Yoder, "How to Sabotage Climate Legislation? An Exxon Lobbyist Explains"
Pablo Fajardo Mendoza and Sriram Madhusoodanan, "The Key to Beating Fossil Fuel Corps? Global Collaboration"
Gregory M. Kennedy, S.J. "Trash Talk: Reflections on Our Throwaway Society"
Neil DeGrasse Tyson, "A Cosmic Perspective"
Homi Kharas, "Missing from COP26: Lifestyle Choices of Middle-Class and Rich Consumers"
David Shiffman, "An Ambitious Strategy to Preserve Biodiversity"
Appendix: Understanding Literature
Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise"
Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
Summary of "The Story of an Hour"
William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116"
Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116"
Seeing Connections: Analysis
Analysis of Narrative Structure
Analysis of Character
Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone
Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation
Writing about Literature
Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress"
Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
A. E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing"
Amy Lowell, "Taxi"
J Mase III, "Josephine"
Crisosto Apache, "12. Carrizo"
Alex Rubi, "The View from Mount Fuji"
Sample Student Literary Analysis: Alan Peterson, รFaulknerรs Realistic Initiation Themeร
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Index
