Radio Frequency and Microwave Power Amplifiers: Efficiency and Linearity Enhancement Techniques (Materials, Circuits and Devices)

✍ Scribed by Andrei Grebennikov (editor)

• Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 500
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Radio Frequency and Microwave Power Amplifiers are finding an increasingly broad range of applications, particularly in communications and broadcasting, but also in the industrial, medical, automotive, aviation, military, and sensing fields. Each application has its own design specifications, for example, high linearity in modern communication systems or high efficiency in broadcasting, and, depending on process technology, capability to operate efficiently at very high frequencies, such as 77 GHz and higher for automotive radars. Advances in design methodologies have practical applications in improving gain, power output, bandwidth, power efficiency, linearity, input and output impedance matching, and heat dissipation.

This essential reference presented in two volumes aims to provide comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of RF and microwave power amplifier design with in-depth descriptions of current and potential future approaches. Volume 1 covers principles, device modeling and matching networks, while volume 2 focuses specifically on efficiency and linearity enhancement techniques. The volumes will be of particular interest to engineers and researchers engaged in RF and microwave amplifier design, and those who are interested in systems incorporating RF and microwave amplifiers.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Contents
Preface
List of contributors
1 High-efficiency power amplifier design
1.1 Class-F circuit design
1.1.1 Idealized Class-F mode
1.1.2 Class F with maximally flat waveforms
1.1.3 Class F with quarterwave transmission line
1.1.4 Effect of saturation resistance
1.1.5 Load networks with lumped and distributed parameters
1.1.6 Design examples of Class-F power amplifiers
1.2 Inverse Class F
1.2.1 Idealized inverse Class-F mode
1.2.2 Inverse Class F with quarterwave transmission line
1.2.3 Load networks with lumped and distributed parameters
1.2.4 Design example of inverse Class-F power amplifier
1.3 Class E with shunt capacitance and series filter
1.3.1 Optimum load-network parameters
1.3.2 Effect of saturation resistance, finite switching time, and nonlinear shunt capacitance
1.3.3 Load network with transmission lines
1.3.4 Practical Class-E power amplifiers
1.4 Class E with finite dc-feed inductance
1.4.1 General analysis and optimum load-network parameters
1.4.2 Parallel-circuit Class E
1.4.3 Even-harmonic Class E
1.4.4 Load networks with transmission lines
1.5 Class E with shunt capacitance and shunt filter
1.5.1 Basic analysis and optimum load-network parameters
1.5.2 Load network with transmission lines
1.5.3 Design example of transmission-line Class-E power amplifier
1.6 Biharmonic Class-EM power amplifier
1.7 High-efficiency broadband power amplifiers
1.7.1 Broadband Class E with shunt capacitance
1.7.2 Broadband parallel-circuit Class E
1.7.3 High-efficiency mixed-mode broadband power amplifier
References
2 High-efficiency Doherty power amplifiers
2.1 Basic Doherty amplifier structure
2.2 Asymmetric Doherty amplifiers
2.3 Multistage Doherty amplifiers
2.4 Inverted Doherty amplifiers
2.5 Integrated Doherty amplifiers
2.6 Broadband Doherty amplifiers
References
3 Envelope tracking techniques
3.1 Envelope tracking technique
3.2 Envelope tracking for cellular LTE FDD and TDD
3.3 Power amplifier under envelope tracking operation
3.4 Envelope tracking systems
3.5 Envelope tracking circuitry
3.6 Envelope tracking for high power
3.7 Local ET linearization
3.8 Multilevel supply envelope tracking
3.9 Envelope tracking calibration
3.10 Envelope tracking noise
References
4 Outphasing power amplifiers
4.1 A brief history
4.1.1 1935–1960: origins
4.1.2 1974: linear amplification with nonlinear components
4.1.3 2000s: resurgence in interest
4.2 Outphasing operation
4.2.1 Isolating combining: LINC
4.2.2 Nonisolating combining: load modulation
4.2.3 Chireix combining
4.2.4 Mixed-mode operation
4.3 Power combiner variants
4.3.1 Multiway power combining networks
4.3.2 Co-design of PAs and combiner
4.4 Analysis of outphasing branch PA design
4.4.1 Load modulation mechanisms
4.4.2 Ideal load modulation trajectories
4.4.2.1 Current source operation
4.4.2.2 Switched-mode operation
4.4.3 Optimal load trajectories with nonlinear model
4.4.4 Implications for outphasing PA design
4.5 Input signal synthesis
4.5.1 RF-input outphasing
4.5.2 Arbitrary input drives
4.5.3 Conclusion
References
5 Combiner synthesis for active load-modulationbased power amplifiers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Generalized combiner synthesis technique for Doherty and outphasing PAs
5.3 Applications of the novel Doherty continuous design space
5.3.1 Solving for maximum efficiency
5.3.2 Solving for efficiency and linearity
5.3.3 GaN HEMT Doherty PA design
5.4 Applications to outphasing PA design
5.4.1 A 2.14 GHz GaN HEMT outphasing PA design
5.5 Summary and future outlook
5.5.1 Summary
5.5.2 Future outlook
References
6 Power amplifier design based on nonlinear embedding models with design examples
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Motivation for nonlinear embedding
6.3 Embedding model
6.4 Class-B example and harmonic injection
6.5 Class-F theory and design example
6.6 Doherty PA design example
6.7 Chireix PA design example
6.8 Continuous Class-B/J power amplifier
6.8.1 Design space analysis with nonlinear-embedding technique
6.8.2 Broadband Class-B/J mode PA design using model-based nonlinear-embedding technique
6.9 Continuous Class-F power amplifier
6.9.1 Investigating feasible design space
6.9.2 Broadband continuous Class-F PA design using model-based nonlinear-embedding technique
References
7 CMOS power amplifiers
7.1 Device modeling
7.2 Basic structures and techniques
7.3 Stacked power amplifiers
7.4 Millimeter-wave power amplifiers
7.5 Broadband power amplifiers
7.6 High-efficiency Class-E and Class-F power amplifiers
7.7 Doherty architectures
7.8 Linearization
References
8 Behavioral modeling and linearization
8.1 Wireless communication overview
8.1.1 RF channel and channel capacity
8.1.2 BTS transmitter
8.2 Power amplifier nonlinearities
8.2.1 PA nonlinearities
8.2.2 Measurements of nonlinear behavior
8.2.3 Behavioral modeling
8.3 Linearization
8.3.1 Digital predistortion
8.3.2 Feedforward compensation
8.4 Further explanations
8.4.1 Using odd and even polynomial basis waveforms
8.4.2 Effect of PA saturation on DPD coefficient estimation
8.4.3 Modifications to descent-based estimators
8.4.4 Least squares (LS) estimation using batch processing
8.4.5 Recursive least squares
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Multiband/multichannel power amplifier linearization
9.1 Distortion inducing elements in multichannel transmission Multichannel transmission
9.2 Distortion in multiband transmission
9.3 Distortion components in MIMO transmission
9.3.1 Nonlinear distortion
9.3.2 Linear distortion
9.4 Digital predistortion techniques for multichannel transmission
9.4.1 Digital predistortion techniques for multiband transmission
9.4.1.1 Dual-band DPD models
9.4.1.2 Tri-band and higher order DPD models
9.4.1.3 Multiband DPD for harmonic distortion dual-band DPD models
9.4.2 Digital predistortion techniques for multiple-channel transmission
9.4.2.1 Cross-over memory polynomial
9.4.2.2 Parallel Hammerstein (PH) model
9.5 Digital predistortion techniques for multiband/multichannel transmission in the presence of modulator imperfections
9.6 Application considerations of DPD models for multiband/multichannel transmission
References
10 Distributed power amplifiers
10.1 Basic principles of distributed amplification
10.2 Microwave GaAs FET and HEMT distributed amplifiers
10.2.1 Basic configuration with microstrip lines
10.2.2 Basic configuration with lumped elements
10.2.3 Capacitive coupling
10.2.4 Bandpass configuration
10.2.5 Parallel and series feedback
10.3 Distributed amplifiers with tapered lines
10.4 Cascode distributed amplifiers
10.5 Extended resonance technique
10.6 Cascaded distributed amplifiers
10.7 CMOS distributed amplifiers
References
Index
Back Cover