Pulsed Discharge Plasmas: Characteristics and Applications (Springer Series in Plasma Science and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Tao Shao (editor), Cheng Zhang (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1028
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book highlights the latest progress in pulsed discharge plasmas presented by front-line researchers worldwide. The science and technology surrounding pulsed discharge plasmas is advanced through a wide scope of interdisciplinary studies into pulsed power and plasma physics. Pulsed discharge plasmas with high-power density, high E/N and high-energy electrons can effectively generate highly reactive plasma. Related applications have gathered strong interests in various fields. With contributions from global scientists, the book elaborates on the theories, numerical simulations, diagnostic methods, discharge characteristics and application technologies of pulsed discharge plasmas. The book is divided into three parts with a total of 35 chapters, including 11 chapters on pulsed discharge generation and mechanism, 12 chapters on pulsed discharge characterization and 12 chapters on pulsed discharge applications (wastewater treatments, biomedicine, surface modification, and energy conversion, etc). The book is a must-have reference for researchers and engineers in related fields and graduate students interested in the subject.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Part I Pulsed Discharge Generation and Mechanism
1 Pulsed Power Generators
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Concept of Nanosecond Pulse Sources
1.2.1 The Pulse-Forming Network
1.2.2 The High-Voltage Switch
1.2.3 PFN Charging
1.3 Simple Capacitive Storage Pulse Sources
1.4 Pulse-Forming Line Pulse Sources
1.4.1 Single-Line Pulse Source
1.4.2 Blumlein-Line Pulse Source
1.5 Marx Generators
1.5.1 Compact Spark-Gap Switched Marx Generators
1.5.2 Semiconductor Marx Generators
1.5.3 Avalanche Transistor Marx Generators
1.6 Linear Transformer Drivers
1.7 Impedance-Matched Marx Generator
1.8 Magnetic Pulse Compression Pulse Sources
1.9 Fast Diode Opening Switch Pulse Sources
1.10 Microsecond Pulse Sources
1.11 Summary
References
2 High Current Pulsed Gas Gap Switch
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Triggered Mechanism of Gas Gap Switch
2.2.1 Introduction of the Gas Gap Switch
2.2.2 Gap Switch Trigger Device and Working Characteristics
2.2.3 Calculation Model of Switch Conduction Delay
2.3 Research on Switch Electrode Erosion
2.3.1 Calculation Model of Arc-Electrode Interface Energy
2.3.2 Lifetime Evaluation Model of Switch Electrode
2.4 Research on High-Performance High-Current Pulsed Switch
2.4.1 Research on Erosion-Resistant Electrodes of Nano-Doped Materials
2.4.2 Research on Dissipation Characteristics of Graphite Electrode Vapor
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Gas Discharge and Electron Emission for Microscale and Smaller Gaps
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Paschen's Law
3.3 Field Emission Driven Microdischarge Theory
3.4 Nexus Theory: Transitions in Electron Emission Theory
3.5 Experimental Assessment
3.6 Summary
References
4 Pulsed Discharge in Water: Initiation, Propagation and Breakdown
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pre-breakdown Phenomena of Pulsed Discharges in Water
4.2.1 Positive Streamers
4.2.2 Negative Streamers
4.2.3 Other Influencing Factors on Streamer Characteristics
4.3 Breakdown Modes of Liquids
4.3.1 Breakdown Modes for Positive Polarity
4.3.2 Negative Polarity Breakdown
4.3.3 Bipolar Breakdown
4.4 Streamer Initiation and Propagation Mechanisms in Water
4.4.1 Direct Impact Ionization
4.4.2 Bubble Theory
4.4.3 Field Ionization
4.4.4 Field Emission
4.4.5 Electrostriction Effect
4.5 Prediction Model for Breakdown Characteristics of Liquids
4.5.1 Martin Equation
4.5.2 Streamer Linear Propagation Model
References
5 Electrical Explosion in a Medium: Plasmas, Shock Waves, and Applications
5.1 The Electrical Explosion of Various Domains
5.2 Motivation and Methodology
5.2.1 Why Exploding Conductors in a Medium?
5.2.2 Methods for Investigating Electrical Explosions
5.3 Plasmas in Wire Explosion
5.3.1 Spatial–temporal Evolution: General Properties
5.3.2 Plasma State Evolution: From WDM to Other Forms
5.3.3 Plasmas at Different Circuit Parameters
5.3.4 Influence of Wire Material and Ambient Medium
5.4 Shock Waves in Wire Explosion
5.4.1 Generation Mechanisms of SWs
5.4.2 Underwater SWs at Different Circuit Parameters
5.4.3 SWs in Different Environment
5.4.4 Enhancement of SWs
5.5 Some Applications
5.5.1 Fracturing Effect of SWs and EP
5.5.2 Synthesis of Nano-Materials
5.5.3 Acceleration Technology via Electrical Explosion
5.6 Summary
References
6 On the Interactions Between Aerosols and ns Pulsed Plasma
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Development of ns Pulsed Plasma System and Numerical Model
6.3 Output of the Compact Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma System
6.3.1 Experimental and Numerical Study on the Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma System
6.3.2 Influence of Charging Resistance, Capacitance and the Distance of Spark Gap
6.4 Influence of a Low-Cost Compact Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma System on Aerosol Deposition
6.5 Charging Mechanism of Aerosols
6.5.1 Diffusion Charging of Aerosols
6.5.2 Field Charging of Aerosols
6.5.3 Photo Charging of Aerosols
6.6 Diagnostics of Aerosols
6.7 Ionic Wind Generated by ns Plasma
6.8 Biomedical Application of Charged Aerosols
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Transition Criteria and Scaling Law of Streamer-Spark Pulsed Discharges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Fluid, Kinetics and Analytical Models
7.2.1 The Classical Fluid Model
7.2.2 The Global Kinetics Model
7.2.3 Geometries, Initial and Boundary Conditions
7.2.4 Model Validations with Two Experimental Benchmarks
7.3 The Streamer-Spark Transition
7.3.1 Transition in the First Pulse
7.3.2 Transition in the Subsequent Pulse
7.4 Scaling Laws of Pulsed Spark for Hydrodynamics Applications
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Wakes and Other Non-linear Effects Observed When Ultra-Short Ultra-High-Power Microwave Pulses Interact with Neutral Gas and Plasma
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ionization-Induced Phenomena in Neutral Gases and Plasmas
8.2.1 Experimental Setup
8.2.2 Ionization-Induced Self-channeling. Theoretical Analysis
8.2.3 Experiments on the Interaction of Powerful Microwave Pulses with Neutral Gases and Plasmas
8.2.4 Particle-In-Cell (PIC) Simulations Resulting in Self-channeling
8.3 Wakefield in a Plasma-Filled Waveguide
8.3.1 Experimental Arrangement for Wakefield Excitation
8.3.2 Wakefield Excitation in a Waveguide Filled with Plasma. Theoretical Analysis
8.3.3 Phenomena Accompanying a Powerful Electromagnetic Pulse Propagation Along a Plasma-Filled Waveguide
8.3.4 Experimental Results
8.3.5 Frequency Shift and Pulse Compression
8.3.6 Probing the Wake with an Electron Beam
8.3.7 Nonlinear Absorption of HPM Pulses in a Plasma-Filled Waveguide
8.4 Summary
References
9 Memory Effects and Evolution Mechanisms of Repetitively Pulsed Streamer Discharge
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Memory Effect Agents and Their Mechanisms
9.3 Evolutions Dynamics and Mechanisms of Repetitively Pulsed Streamer Discharge in a Gas Gap
9.3.1 Experiment Setup and Electrical and Optical Diagnostics
9.3.2 Streamer Evolutions Under Different Voltage Polarities
9.3.3 Effect of the DC Bias on Repetitively Pulsed Breakdown
9.3.4 Evolution Mechanisms and Effect of Residual Space Charges
9.4 Volume and Surface Memory Effects in Repetitively Pulsed Streamer Discharge Along Solid Dielectric Surface
9.4.1 Differences Between the Needle-Plane Insulation and the Gas/Solid Composite Insulation
9.4.2 Inception and Propagation of Positive Surface Streamer
9.4.3 Back Discharge During the Negative Pulse Falling Edge
9.4.4 Volume and Surface Residual Charges and Their Interactions
9.5 Modeling of Volume Memory Effects in Repetitively Pulsed Discharges
9.5.1 Simulation Methods and Setup
9.5.2 Effects of Surplus Heat on Discharge Evolution
9.5.3 Effects of Residual Space Charges on Discharge Evolution
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Diffuse Discharges Formed in an Inhomogeneous Electric Field Due to Runaway Electrons
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Setups for Studying Various Diffuse Discharge Modes and Measurement Techniques
10.2.1 Generators Forming Voltage Pulses with the Short Rise Time
10.2.2 Measuring Equipment and Probes
10.3 Diffuse Discharges in High-Pressure Gases Formed Without Additional Preionization Sources
10.4 Modes of the Diffuse Discharge in High-Pressure Gases
10.4.1 Discharge Formation at High Electric Field Strength
10.4.2 Diffuse Discharges with a High-Voltage Cathode with a Small Radius of Curvature
10.4.3 Diffuse Discharges with a High-Voltage Anode with a Small Radius of Curvature
10.4.4 Diffuse Discharges with Electrodes Having a Sharp Extended Edge
10.4.5 Transition of the Diffuse Discharge Into Spark Phase
10.4.6 Repetitively Pulsed Diffuse Discharges
10.5 Diffuse Discharge Applications
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Pulsed Discharges for Water Activation and Plasma-Activated Water Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fundamentals of Pulsed Discharge for PAW Production
11.2.1 Basics of Pulsed Discharge
11.2.2 Correlations Between Gas and Liquid Phase Species
11.3 Pulsed Discharges for PAW Production
11.4 Pulsed Discharges for PAW Regulation
11.5 PAW for Practical Applications
11.5.1 PAW for Microbial Inactivation
11.5.2 PAW for Virus Inactivation
11.5.3 PAW for Anticancer
11.5.4 PAW for Seed Germination and Plant Growth
11.5.5 PAW for Dentistry and Wound Healing
11.6 Conclusion
References
Part II Pulsed Discharge Characterization
12 Optical Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Transient Plasmas
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Optical Emission Spectroscopy
12.2.1 Concept
12.2.2 Light Dispersing and Spectrum Recording Device
12.2.3 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
12.2.4 Temperature Measurement
12.2.5 Electron Density Measurement
12.3 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
12.3.1 Basic Concept
12.3.2 Measurement of Ground State Population Number Density
12.3.3 Probing Population Number Densities of Excited States
12.3.4 Molecular Absorption
12.4 Radiation Transfer Equation
References
13 Spatiotemporal Resolution Diagnostic Techniques in Atmospheric Pressure Discharge Plasma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plasma Dynamic Evolution Diagnosis
13.2.1 The Dynamic Evolution of Array-Needles DBD Excited by Sine AC
13.2.2 The Dynamic Evolution of Array-Needles DBD Excited by Nanosecond Pulses
13.2.3 The Dynamic Evolution of Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge in Packed Bed Reactor
13.3 Spatiotemporal Resolved Emission Spectra of Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge
13.3.1 The Generation and Quenching of Active Species in Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge
13.3.2 Effect of O2 Content on Active Species in Surface Discharge
13.3.3 Effect of Discharge Power on Active Species in Surface Discharge
13.3.4 Effect of Dielectric Constant of Packed Column on Active Species in Packed Bed Discharge
13.4 Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vibrational Temperature, Rotational Temperature and Reduced Electric Field in Plasma
13.4.1 Diagnosis of Vibration Temperature and Rotational Temperature
13.4.2 Diagnosis of Reduced Electric Field
13.5 Applications of Spatiotemporal Resolved Diagnosis in Heavy Metal Detection
13.5.1 A Pulsed Electrolyte Cathode Discharge Used for Detecting Cu Element
13.5.2 Spatiotemporal Resolved Diagnosis of Pulsed Electrolyte Cathode Discharge
13.5.3 Decline the LODs of Heavy Metals by Temporal Resolved Spectroscopy
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic Measurement in Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A Brief Review of Existing Diagnostic Methods for Electric Field
14.2.1 Pockels Effect
14.2.2 Stark Effect
14.2.3 Nitrogen Intensity Ratio
14.2.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS)
14.2.5 Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (E-FISH)
14.3 Application of E-FISH in Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges
14.3.1 Special Concerns for Pulsed Discharges
14.3.2 Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD)
14.3.3 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ)
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Diagnosis of Pulsed Discharge Plasma with Various Pulse Widths Under Open-Air Condition
15.1 Imaging Method to Diagnose Electron Density of Plasma at Open-Air Conditions
15.1.1 Introduction
15.1.2 Current Electron Density Diagnosis Methods
15.1.3 Imaging Method
15.1.4 Conclusion
15.2 Effect of Pulse Width on the Parameters of the Pulsed Discharge Plasma
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Plasma Parameters Diagnosis Method
15.2.3 Experimental Results
15.2.4 Global Model
15.2.5 Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Results
15.2.6 Conclusion
References
16 Numerical Study on Plasma Characteristics Driven by Pulsed Voltages from Microseconds to Nanoseconds
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Description of the Computational Model
16.3 Simulation on Pulsed DBDs
16.3.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Pulsed DBDs
16.3.2 Optimization of the Atmospheric Pulsed DBDs
16.3.3 The Discharge Characteristics of Pulsed DBDs with CO2
16.4 Barrier-Free Pulsed Discharge
16.4.1 Discharge Characteristics
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Kinetic Study on Key Reactions and Key Species in Humid Air Atmospheric Pressure Discharge Plasma Under Pulsed Source
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Screening Rules for Key Species and Key Reactions
17.2.1 Global Model of Humid Air Atmospheric Pressure Discharge Plasma
17.2.2 Screening Rules for Key Species and Key Reactions
17.3 Analysis of the Screening Results
17.3.1 Screening of Key Species
17.3.2 Screening Results for Key Reactions
17.3.3 Verification of Simplification
17.3.4 Reaction Road Map
17.3.5 Analysis of Key Reaction Route
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 Conduction Current in Nanosecond-Pulse Diffuse Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Experimental Set-Ups and Measurement System
18.3 Conduction Current in the Diffuse Discharge
18.4 Factors Influencing the Conduction Current
18.4.1 Effect of Gap Distance
18.4.2 Effect of Pulse Repetition Rate
18.4.3 Effect of Pulse Polarity
18.5 Discussion
18.5.1 Generation of Initial Electrons by Field Electron Emission
18.5.2 Ignition of Diffuse Discharge by Runaway Electrons
18.5.3 Electron Density Calculation in Diffuse Discharge
18.6 Conclusion
References
19 Propagation of Cold Plasma Jets at Atmospheric Pressure
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Repeatability of the Discharge Dynamics
19.2.1 Effects of Pulse Frequency
19.2.2 Effects of Pulse Number
19.2.3 Residual Charges Measurements
19.3 The Acceleration Behavior of APPJs
19.3.1 Experimental Setup
19.3.2 Effects of Air Impurity
19.3.3 Effects of Dielectric Material
19.4 Conclusions
References
20 Plasma Jet Array Driven by Nanosecond Pulses
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Influence of Pulse Parameters on the Downstream Uniformity of Linear-Field Jet Array
20.2.1 Effects of Applied Voltage
20.2.2 Effects of Pulse Rising Time
20.2.3 Effects of PRF
20.3 Influence of Electrode Arrangement on Downstream Uniformity of Jet Array
20.3.1 Downstream Uniformity of Different Electrode Arrangements
20.3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Different Electrode Arrangements
20.3.3 Plasma Bullets Propagation Under Different Electrode Arrangements
20.4 Discharge Mode Transition of ns Pulsed Jet Array
20.4.1 Two Discharge Mode of ns Pulsed Jet Array on Different Operating Parameters
20.4.2 Plasma Bullets Propagation of Different Discharge Modes
20.5 Effect of HMDSO Addition on Discharge Characteristics and Uniformity of Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Jet Array
20.5.1 Effect of HMDSO Addition on Downstream Uniformity
20.5.2 Effect of HMDSO Addition on Electrical Characteristics
20.5.3 Effect of HMDSO Addition on Optical Characteristics
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets and Their Interaction with Dielectric Surfaces
21.1 Itroduction
21.2 Modelling Approaches
21.3 Plasma Jets in Free Space
21.4 Plasma Jets Interacting with Dielectrics and Metals
21.5 Plasma Jets Interacting with Tilted Surfaces
21.5.1 RONS Fluxes to Treated Surfaces
21.5.2 Splitting of Ionization Waves at the Edge of a Dielectric Plate Oriented at Grazing Angles
21.6 Ion Energies Delivered by Plasma Jets to Flat Surfaces
21.7 Concluding Remarks
References
22 Axial and Radial Discharge Characteristics of Atmospheric Helium Dielectric Barrier Discharge
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Axial Discharge Characteristics of PDBD
22.2.1 Axial Spatial Stratification of Electron Density Caused by MCP
22.2.2 Mechanism Analysis of the Axial Spatial Stratification of Electron Density
22.2.3 Influence of Applied Parameters on the Axial Spatial Stratification of Electron Density
22.2.4 Effect of Pulse Types on the Axial Spatial Stratification of Electron Density
22.3 Radial Discharge Characteristics in PDBD
22.3.1 Evolution Trend of Radical Discharge in Changing Voltage Amplitude
22.3.2 Mechanism Analysis of Radial Discharge Characteristics in Changing Voltage Amplitude
22.4 Discharge Experiments of PDBD
22.4.1 Experimental Setup
22.4.2 Experimental Results
22.5 Conclusion
References
23 Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Driven by Nanosecond Pulses
23.1 Introductions of ns SDBD
23.2 Electrical Characteristics
23.2.1 Discharge Current
23.2.2 Charge Transportation and Power Consumption
23.3 Discharge Plasma Distributions
23.4 Two Typical Discharge Characteristics and Mechanisms
23.4.1 Two Typical Discharge Characteristics
23.4.2 Behaviors of the Two Spikes in the Discharge Current
23.4.3 Simulation Investigations of the Discharge Evolution
23.4.4 Discussions on the Two Typical Discharge Distributions
23.4.5 Mechanisms of the Two Typical Lissajous Figures
23.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Pulsed Discharge Applications
24 Environmental and Biological Applications for Pulsed Discharge Plasma
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Applications in Solids
24.2.1 Recycled Aggregate from Concrete and Fine Aggregate Production
24.2.2 Nanoparticle Generation
24.3 Applications in Liquids
24.3.1 Direct Liquid Phase Plasmas
24.3.2 Indirect Gas Phase Plasmas
24.3.3 Indirect Multiphase Plasmas
24.4 Applications in Gases
24.5 Applications in Biology
24.5.1 Sterilization
24.5.2 Biomass Treatment
24.5.3 Mushroom Fruiting Body Development
24.6 Conclusion
References
25 Pulsed Discharge Plasma for VOCs Degradation
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Innovative Pulsed Discharge Plasma Reactors for VOCs Degradation
25.2.1 Foreword
25.2.2 Nanosecond Pulsed Surface/Packed-Bed Discharge (SPBD) Plasma
25.2.3 Sliding Discharge (SLD) Plasma Energized by Pulsed Coupled with DC Voltages
25.2.4 Magnetically-Assisted Pulsed Discharge Plasma
25.3 Plasma-Catalysis Process for VOCs Degradation
25.3.1 Foreword
25.3.2 Comparison of IPC and PPC Processes for VOCs Degradation
25.3.3 Post Plasma-Catalytic Degradation of Toluene Over Bimetallic Catalysts
25.3.4 VOCs Degradation Mechanism by Plasma-Assisted Catalysis Processes
25.4 Conclusion
References
26 Biomedical Applications of Pulsed Discharge and Pulsed Electric Field
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Pulsed Discharge
26.2.1 Cancer Therapy
26.2.2 Sterilization
26.3 Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields
26.3.1 Cancer Therapy
26.3.2 Tumor Immunotherapy
26.3.3 Chemoradiotherapy
26.3.4 Cardiac Ablation
26.3.5 Stem Cell Chondrogenic Differentiation
26.3.6 Sterilization
26.3.7 Wound Healing
26.4 Conclusion
References
27 Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Biomedical and Agricultural Applications
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Devices
27.3 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Pulse Plasma for Biomedical Treatment
27.3.1 Pulse Plasma for Cancer Treatment
27.3.2 Pulse Plasma for Disinfection and Sterilization
27.3.3 Pulse Plasma for Wound Healing
27.3.4 Pulse Plasma for Dentistry Application
27.3.5 Pulse Plasma for Skin Treatment
27.4 Pulse Plasma for Agriculture Application
27.4.1 Pulse Plasma for Growth Enhancement and Seed Sterilization
27.4.2 Pulse Plasma for Food Preservation and Processing
27.5 Conclusion
References
28 Surface Modification of Insulating Material Using Pulsed Discharge Plasma
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Basic Principles
28.3 Hydrophobicity Improvement
28.3.1 Methods
28.3.2  Discharge Characteristics
28.3.3 Surface Treatment of PMMA
28.3.4 Surface Physic-Chemical Characteristics
28.4 Flashover Voltage Enhancement
28.5 Optimization of Comprehensive Performance
28.5.1 Sample Preparation and Methods
28.5.2  Surface Performance
28.5.3 Effect of OMCTS on the Comprehensive Performance
28.6 Conclusion
References
29 Plasma Functional-Layer Deposition to Enhance Polystyrene Surface Insulation
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Deposition Methods and Experimental System
29.2.1 SiOx Layer Deposition by DBD Plasma
29.2.2 Fluorination Modification
29.2.3 TiN Layer by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) Deposition
29.2.4 Experimental Instruments
29.3 Experimental Results and Analysis
29.3.1 Electrical Performance
29.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
29.3.3 Surface Flashover Test
29.3.4 Stability Test
29.4 Mechanism Analysis of Surface Modification
29.5 Conclusions
References
30 Pulsed Discharge in Water and it's Application as Sound Source
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Bubble Oscillation and Shockwave
30.3 The Sound Source: Sparker
30.4 Conclusion
References
31 Atmospheric Pressure Pulsed Discharge Plasmas for Energy Conversion
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Pulsed Discharges for N2 Fixation
31.2.1 NH3 Synthesis
31.2.2 N2 Oxidation
31.3 Pulsed Discharges for CO2 Conversion
31.3.1 Dry Reforming of CH4
31.3.2 CO2 Hydrogenation
31.4 Pulsed Discharges for CH4 Valorization
31.5 Pulsed Discharges for Heavy Oil Processing
31.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
32 Hydrogen Production from Alcohols by Pulsed Discharge
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Rules and Mechanism of Hydrogen Production from Alcohols by In-Liquid Pulsed Discharge
32.2.1 Foreword
32.2.2 Characteristics of In-Liquid Pulsed Discharge for Hydrogen Production
32.2.3 Hydrogen Production with Different Electrode Configurations
32.2.4 Effect of Physical and Chemical Parameters on Hydrogen Production
32.2.5 Effect of Electric Field Effect and Thermal Effect on Hydrogen Production
32.2.6 Effect of Electron Work Function on Hydrogen Production
32.2.7 Hydrogen Production by In-Liquid Pulsed Discharge Combined with the TiO2 Catalyst
32.2.8 Hydrogen Production Reaction Path and Mechanism Analysis
32.3 Conclusion
References
33 Pulsed Discharge Plasma for Aromatic Compound Hydrogenation in Heavy Oils
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Research Methods
33.2.1 Experimental Setup
33.2.2 Zero-Dimensional Plasma Kinetic Model
33.2.3 Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics Methods
33.3 Results and Discussion
33.3.1 Spatiotemporal Evolution of Free Radicals in H2 and CH4 Plasmas
33.3.2 Free Radical-Induced Hydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
33.4 Conclusion
References
34 Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge Assisted Low-Temperature Ignition and Combustion
34.1 Introduction
34.2 General Features of Nano-Second Pulsed Discharge Assisted Combustion
34.2.1 Plasma Discharge as a Promising Method to Control Ignition, Combustion and Emissions
34.2.2 Advantages of Non-Equilibrium Discharge in Ignition and Combustion Enhancement
34.2.3 Application of Plasma Assisted Combustion in Energy System and Environment Control
34.3 Mechanisms, Kinetics and Modeling in Nano-Second Pulsed Discharge Assisted Combustion
34.3.1 Simulation Method for Plasma-Assisted Combustion
34.3.2 Coupling Plasma and Combustion Mechanisms
34.3.3 Kinetic Effects of Discharge-Generated Active Species on Low-Temperature Pyrolysis, Oxidation, and Ignition
34.4 Experimental Diagnostics for Plasma Assisted Ignition and Combustion
34.4.1 Electron Density and Electron Temperature Measurement
34.4.2 Electric Field Measurement
34.4.3 Measurements of Discharge Generated Active Species
34.5 Progress and Challenges in Non-Equilibrium Discharge Assisted Combustion
34.6 Conclusion
References
35 Plasma Aerodynamics and Flow Control by Superfast Local Heating
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Nanosecond Surface Barrier Discharges
35.3 Pulsed Spark Discharges with Fast Heating of Gas
35.4 Pulsed Nanosecond Optical Discharges
35.5 Non-equilibrium Air Plasma Decay
35.6 Fast Heating of Air in a Strong Electric Field
35.7 Control of Shock Wave Configuration and Load Distribution
35.7.1 The Main Mechanisms of Controlling the Flow Around a Supersonic Object
35.7.2 Generation of Perturbations in Front of a Supersonic Object
35.7.3 Microwave Discharge
35.7.4 Laser Spark
35.8 Control of the Trajectory of a Supersonic Object
35.9 Control of Quasi-stationary Separated Flows and Layers
35.9.1 Control of Mixing Layers and High-Speed Jet Noise
35.9.2 Controlling the Interaction of a Shock Wave with a Boundary Layer
35.9.3 Control of the Laminar–Turbulent Transition and Turbulent Boundary Layers
35.10 Control of Boundary Layer Separation at High Angles of Attack
35.10.1 Flow Separation Control Using Ionic Wind
35.10.2 Flow Separation Control Using Pulsed Energy Release
35.10.3 Effect of Actuator Position on Efficiency of Flow Control
35.11 Control of Dynamic Flow Separation
35.11.1 Flow Reattachment Dynamics
35.11.2 Controlling the Dynamic Separation of the Direct Flow
35.11.3 Controlling the Dynamic Separation of the Reverse Flow
35.11.4 Control of 3D Flow Separation
35.12 Conclusions
References