Plasma-Material Interactions in a Controlled Fusion Reactor (Springer Series in Plasma Science and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Tetsuo Tanabe

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 209
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is a primer on the interplay between plasma and materials in a fusion reactor, so-called plasma–materials interactions (PMIs), highlighting materials and their influence on plasma through PMI. It aims to demonstrate that a plasma-facing surface (PFS) responds actively to fusion plasma and that the clarifying nature of PFS is indispensable to understanding the influence of PFS on plasma. It describes the modern insight into PMI, namely, relevant feedback to plasma performance from plasma-facing material (PFM) on changes in a material surface by plasma power load by radiation and particles, contrary to a conventional view that unilateral influence from plasma on PFM is dominant in PMI.

There are many books and reviews on PMI in the context of plasma physics, that is, how plasma or plasma confinement works in PMI. By contrast, this book features a materials aspect in PMI focusing on changes caused by heat and particle load from plasma: how PFMs are changed by plasma exposure and then, accordingly, how the changed PFM interacts with plasma.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part IFusion Reactor and Plasma Material Interactions
1 Introduction
1.1 The Organization of This Book
1.2 Plasma–Material Interactions Caused by Power Load of Radiation and Energetic Particles
1.3 Energy Conversion from Nuclear to Thermal for Electric Power Generation
1.4 Brief History of the Development of Plasma-Facing Materials
1.5 On PMI Studies for a Fusion Reactor
References
2 Discharges in Current Large Tokamaks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Discharges of Current Large Tokamaks
2.3 Diagnostics for PMI Research
2.3.1 Optical Spectroscopy
2.3.2 Probe Measurements
2.4 PMI Observed by Proves and Limiter Experiments
References
3 Power Load on Plasma-Facing Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Estimation of Power Load and Its Distribution in a Fusion Reactor
3.3 Steady-State Power Load
3.4 Transient Power Load
3.5 Power Load by Neutrons
3.6 Mitigation of Power Load (Power Exhaust)
References
Part IIBasic Processes in PMI
4 Responses of Plasma-Facing Surface to Power Load Given by Radiation and Energetic Particles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy Loss Processes of Energetic Particles Injected in a Solid Target
4.3 Emission of Ions and Neutrals
4.3.1 Reflection
4.3.2 Physical Sputtering
4.3.3 Chemical Sputtering
4.3.4 Ion-induced Desorption and Radiation-Enhanced Sublimation
4.4 Emission of Electrons and Photons
4.4.1 Electron Emission
4.4.2 Photon Emission
4.5 Energy Reflection
4.6 Reemission of Incident Ions
4.6.1 Reemission of Hydrogen (Fuel)
4.6.2 Reemission of Inert Gas Atoms
4.7 Interaction of Released Particles with Photons and Electrons in Boundary Plasmas
4.8 Summary
References
5 Erosion and Deposition, and Their Influences on Plasma Behavior (Material Transport in Tokamak)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Erosion, Transport, and Deposition
5.3 Formation of Deposited Layers Made of Eroded Materials
5.3.1 Carbon Wall
5.3.2 Metallic Wall
5.4 Summary
References
6 Material Modification by High-Power Load and Its Influence on Plasma
6.1 Power Load to PFM
6.2 Material Response to Power Load and Its Influences on Boundary Plasmas
6.2.1 Spontaneous Response to Power Load
6.2.2 Melting and Sublimation
6.2.3 Hydrogen Recycling
6.3 Damaging and Degradation of PFM
6.3.1 Carbon (C)
6.3.2 Tungsten (W)
6.3.3 Other PFM Candidates (Be and Li)
6.3.4 Structure Materials
6.4 Summary
References
7 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Recycling
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overall Fuel Flow at Steady-State Burning
7.3 Injection of Energetic Hydrogen
7.4 Reflection, Reemission, and Retention
7.5 Permeation
7.6 Isotope Effects
7.7 Long-Term Retention and Trapping
7.8 Simulation and Modeling
7.9 Summary
References
Part IIIPMI, Observations in Present Large Tokamaks and Prospects in a Reactor
8 PMI in Large Tokamaks
8.1 Power Load
8.1.1 Power Load in JET
8.1.2 Exchange of PFM from Carbon to High Z Metals
8.1.3 ITER-Like Wall (ILW) in JET
8.1.4 Power Load by High Energy Particles Produced by Fusion
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
8.2.1 Carbon Wall (C-Wall)
8.2.2 Metallic Wall
8.3 Dust
8.4 Recycling and Retention of Fuels
8.4.1 Consideration of Fuel Retention Rate
8.4.2 Recycling
8.4.3 Long Term Fuel Retention
8.5 T-Related Issues on the In-Vessel T Inventory
8.6 Summary
References
9 Fuel Retention in a Reactor with Full C-Wall and Full W-Wall and Its Recovery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Present Estimation of Fuel Retention in ITER
9.3 Construction of Fuel Retention Model in a Fusion Reactor
9.4 Fuel Retention in Carbon Materials
9.4.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen Retention in Carbon Materials [11]
9.4.2 Fuel Retention Build-Up in JT-60U, a Full Carbon Wall Tokamak
9.4.3 Estimation of Carbon Deposition and Fuel Retention in an ITER Scale Full Carbon Reactor Operated at Around 600 K
9.5 Fuel Retention in Tungsten (W)
9.5.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen in W
9.5.2 Fluence Dependence of H Retention in W
9.6 Comparison of Estimated Fuel Retention in a Reactor with Full C-Wall and W-Wall
9.7 Fuel Removal/Recovery
9.7.1 Removal/Recovery of T Retained in Carbon Materials
9.7.2 Removal/Recovery of T Retained in W
9.8 Summary
References
10 Selection of Plasma-Facing Materials
10.1 Criteria for Selection of PFM
10.2 Concerns on W Usage as PFM
10.3 Use of Carbon Materials as PFM
10.3.1 Character of C as PFM
10.3.2 Possible Use of C as PFM in a Reactor
10.4 Liquid PFM
10.5 Consideration of T Fuel on the Selection of PFM in a Reactor
10.6 Summary
References
11 Closing Remarks
Index