Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Implementation and Attributes of Psychological Testing
Topic 1A: The Nature and Uses of Psychological Testing
The Consequences of Testing
Case Exhibit 1.1: True-Life Vignettes of Testing
Definition of a Test
Further Distinctions in Testing
Types of Tests
Uses of Testing
Factors Influencing the Soundness of Testing
Standardized Procedures in Test Administration
Desirable Procedures of Test Administration
Sensitivity to Disabilities
Desirable Procedures of Group Testing
Influence of the Examiner
The Importance of Rapport
Examiner Sex, Experience, and Race
Background and Motivation of the Examinee
Test Anxiety
Motivation to Deceive
Topic 1B: Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
The Rationale for Professional Testing Standards
Case Exhibit 1.2: Ethical and Professional Quandaries in Testing
Responsibilities of Test Publishers
Publication and Marketing Issues
Competence of Test Purchasers
Responsibilities of Test Users
Best Interests of the Client
Confidentiality and the Duty to Warn
Expertise of the Test User
Case Exhibit 1.3: Overzealous Interpretation of the MMPI
Informed Consent
Obsolete Tests and the Standard of Care
Responsible Report Writing
Communication of Test Results
Consideration of Individual Differences
Testing of Cultural and Linguistic Minorities
Background and Historical Notes
The Impact of Cultural Background on Test Results
Unintended Effects of High-Stakes Testing
Reprise: Responsible Test Use
Chapter 2: Origins of Psychological Testing
Topic 2A: The Origins of Psychological Testing
Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China in 2200 b.c.
Physiognomy, Phrenology, and the Psychograph
The Brass Instruments Era of Testing
Galton and the First Battery of Mental Tests
Cattell Imports Brass Instruments to the United States
Rating Scales and their Origins
Changing Conceptions of Mental Retardation in the 1800s
Esquirol and Diagnosis in Mental Retardation
Seguin and Education of Individuals with Mental Retardation
Influence of Binet's Early Research on his Test
Binet and Testing for Higher Mental Processes
The Revised Scales and the Advent of IQ
Topic 2B: Testing from the Early 1900s to the Present
Early Uses and Abuses of Tests in the United States
First Translation of the Binet-Simon Scale
The Binet-Simon and Immigration
Testing for Giftedness: Leta Stetter Hollingworth
The Stanford-Binet: The Early Mainstay of IQ
Group Tests and the Classification of Wwi Army Recruits
The Army Alpha and Beta Examinations
Early Educational Testing
The Development of Aptitude Tests
Personality and Vocational Testing after WWI
The Origins of Projective Testing
The Development of Interest Inventories
The Emergence of Structured Personality Tests
The Expansion and Proliferation of Testing
Evidence-Based Practice and Outcomes Assessment
Chapter 3: Norms and Reliability
Topic 3A: Norms and Test Standardization
Raw Scores
Essential Statistical Concepts
Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
The Normal Distribution
Skewness
Raw Score Transformations
Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
Standard Scores
T Scores and Other Standardized Scores
Normalizing Standard Scores
Stanines, Stens, and C Scale
A Summary of Statistically Based Norms
Selecting a Norm Group
Age and Grade Norms
Local and Subgroup Norms
Expectancy Tables
Criterion-Referenced Tests
Topic 3B: Concepts of Reliability
Classical Test Theory and the Sources of Measurement Error
Sources of Measurement Error
Item Selection
Test Administration
Test Scoring
Systematic Measurement Error
Measurement Error and Reliability
The Reliability Coefficient
The Correlation Coefficient
The Correlation Coefficient as a Reliability Coefficient
Reliability as Temporal Stability
TestβRetest Reliability
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Reliability as Internal Consistency
Split-Half Reliability
The Spearman-Brown Formula
Critique of the Split-Half Approach
Coefficient Alpha
The Kuder-Richardson Estimate of Reliability
Interscorer Reliability
Which Type of Reliability is Appropriate?
Item Response Theory
Item Response Functions
Information Functions
Invariance in IRT
The New Rules of Measurement
Special Circumstances in the Estimation of Reliability
Unstable Characteristics
Speed and Power Tests
Restriction of Range
Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Tests
The Interpretation of Reliability Coefficients
Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement
Computing the Standard Error of Measurement
The SEM and Individual Test Scores
The SEM and Differences between Scores
Chapter 4: Validity and Test Construction
Topic 4A: Basic Concepts of Validity
Validity: A Definition
Content Validity
Quantification of Content Validity
Face Validity
Criterion-Related Validity
Characteristics of a Good Criterion
Concurrent Validity
Predictive Validity
Validity Coefficient and the Standard Error of the Estimate
Decision Theory Applied to Psychological Tests
Construct Validity
Approaches to Construct Validity
Test Homogeneity
Appropriate Developmental Changes
Theory-Consistent Group Differences
Theory-Consistent Intervention Effects
Convergent and Discriminant Validation
Factor Analysis
Classification Accuracy
Extravalidity Concerns and the Widening Scope of Test Validity
Unintended Side Effects of Testing
The Widening Scope of Test Validity
Utility: The Last Horizon of Test Validity
Topic 4B: Test Construction
Defining the Test
Selecting a Scaling Method
Levels of Measurement
Representative Scaling Methods
Expert Rankings
Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
Method of Absolute Scaling
Likert Scales
Guttman Scales
Method of Empirical Keying
Rational Scale Construction (Internal Consistency)
Constructing the Items
Initial Questions in Test Construction
Table of Specifications
Item Formats
Testing the Items
Item-Difficulty Index
Item-Reliability Index
Item-Validity Index
Item-Characteristic Curves
Item-Discrimination Index
Reprise: The Best Items
Revising the Test
Cross Validation
Validity Shrinkage
Feedback from Examinees
Publishing the Test
Production of Testing Materials
Technical Manual and Userβs Manual
Testing Is Big Business
Chapter 5: Intelligence and Achievement: Theories and Tests
Topic 5A: Theories of Intelligence and Factor Analysis
Definitions of Intelligence
Expert Definitions of Intelligence
Case Exhibit 5.1: Learning and Adaptation as Core Functions of Intelligence
Layperson and Expert Conceptions of Intelligence
A primer of Factor Analysis
The Correlation Matrix
The Factor Matrix and Factor Loadings
Geometric Representation of Factor Loadings
The Rotated Factor Matrix
The Interpretation of Factors
Issues in Factor Analysis
Galton and Sensory Keenness
Spearman and the g Factor
Thurstone and the Primary Mental Abilities
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
Definitions of CHC Broad Ability Factors
Utility of CHC Theory
Guilford and The Structure-of-Intellect Model
Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (Pass) Theory
Information Processing Theories of Intelligence
Gardner and the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
Topic 5B: Individual Tests of Intelligence and Achievement
Orientation to Individual Intelligence Tests
The Wechsler Scales of Intelligence
Origins of the Wechsler Tests
General Features of the Wechsler Tests
The Wechsler Subtests: Description and Analysis
Information
Digit Span
Vocabulary
Arithmetic
Comprehension
Similarities
LetterβNumber Sequencing
Picture Completion
Picture Concepts
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Object Assembly
Coding
Symbol Search
Cancellation
Visual Puzzles
Figure Weights
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV
WAIS-IV Standardization
Reliability
Validity
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition
The SB5 Model of Intelligence
Routing Procedure and Tailored Testing
Special Features of the SB5
Standardization and Psychometric Properties of the SB5
Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4
The Cognitive Assessment System-II
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2)
Individual Tests of Achievement
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II (KTEA-II)
Nature and Assessment of Learning Disabilities
The Federal Definition of Learning Disabilities
The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities Definition
The New Face of Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention
Essential Features of Learning Disabilities
Causes and Correlates of Learning Disabilities
Achievement Tests in LD Assessment: A Final Word
Chapter 6: Ability Testing: Group Tests and Controversies
Topic 6A: Group Tests of Ability and Related Concepts
Nature, Promise, and Pitfalls of Group Tests
Group Tests of Ability
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II
(MAB-II)
A Multilevel Battery: The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)
Perspective on Culture-Fair Tests
Multiple Aptitude Test Batteries
The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)
The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
Predicting College Performance
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)
The American College Test (ACT)
Postgraduate Selection Tests
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
Educational Achievement Tests
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS)
Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT)
Lexile Measures
Tests of General Educational Development (GED)
Additional Group Standardized Achievement Tests
Topic 6B: Test Bias and Other Controversies
The Question of Test Bias
The Test-Bias Controversy
Criteria of Test Bias and Test Fairness
The Technical Meaning of Test Bias: A Definition
Bias in Content Validity
Bias in Predictive or Criterion-Related Validity
Bias in Construct Validity
Reprise on Test Bias
Case Exhibit 6.1: The Impact of Culture on Testing Bias
Social Values and Test Fairness
Unqualified Individualism
Quotas
Qualified Individualism
Reprise on Test Fairness
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence
Genetic Contributions to Intelligence
Environmental Effects: Impoverishment and Enrichment
Teratogenic Effects on Intelligence and Development
Effects of Environmental Toxinson Intelligence
Origins and Trends in Racial IQ Differences
Early Studies of African American and White IQ Differences
The Genetic Hypothesis for Race Differences in IQ
Tenability of the Genetic Hypothesis
Recent Trends in Race Differences in IQ
Age Changes in Intelligence
Early Cross-Sectional Research
Sequential Studies of Intelligence
Age and the Fluid/Crystallized Distinction
Generational Changes in IQ Scores
Chapter 7: Assessing Special Populations
Topic 7A: Infant and Preschool Assessment
Assessment of Infant Capacities
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
(NBAS)
Bayley-III
Devereux Early Childhood Assessment-Clinical Form (DECA-C)
Additional Measures of Infant Capacity
Assessment of Preschool Intelligence
Differential Ability Scales-II
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales for Early Childhood
Practical Utility of Infant and Preschool Assessment
Predictive Validity of Infant and Preschool Tests
Practical Utility of Infant Scales
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)
Screening for School Readiness
Qualities of a Good Preschool Screening
Instrument
Instruments for Preschool Screening
Dial-4
Denver II
Home
Background and Description
Technical Features
Topic 7B: Testing Persons with Disabilities
Origins of Tests For Special Populations
Nonlanguage Tests
Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised
Human Figure Drawing Tests
Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-4 (TONI-4)
Nonreading and Motor-Reduced Tests
Case Exhibit 7.1: The Challenge of Assessment in Cerebral Palsy
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV
Testing Persons with Visual Impairments
Testing Individuals Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual Disability
Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised
Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP)
Additional Measures of Adaptive Behavior
Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Chapter 8: Foundations of Personality Testing
Topic 8A: Theories of Personality and Projective Techniques
Personality: an Overview
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality
Origins of Psychoanalytic Theory
The Structure of the Mind
The Role of Defense Mechanisms
Assessment of Defense Mechanisms and Ego Functions
Type Theories of Personality
Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern
Phenomenological Theories of Personality
Origins of the Phenomenological Approach
Carl Rogers, Self-Theory, and the Q-Technique
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories
Trait Conceptions of Personality
Cattel'βs Factor-Analytic Trait Theory
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
Comment on the Trait Concept
The Projective Hypothesis
A Classification of Projective Techniques
Association Techniques
The Rorschach
Comment on the Rorschach
Completion Techniques
Sentence Completion Tests
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
Construction Techniques
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Picture Projective Test
Children's Apperception Test
Other Variations on the TAT
Expression Techniques
The Draw-A-Person Test
The House-Tree-Person Test (H-T-P)
Case Exhibit 8.1: Projective Tests as Ancillary to the Interview
Topic 8B: Self-Report and Behavioral Assessment of Psychopathology
Theory-Guided Inventories
Personality Research Form
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Factor-Analytically Derived Inventories
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Comrey Personality Scales
Criterion-Keyed Inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
MMPI-2 Interpretation
Technical Properties of the MMPI-2
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
Personality Inventory for Children-2 (PIC-2)
Behavioral Assessment
Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Assessment
Exposure-Based Methods
Cognitive Behavior Therapies
Self-Monitoring Procedures
Structured Interview Schedules
Assessment by Systematic Direct Observation
Analogue Behavioral Assessment
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Chapter 9: Evaluation of Normality and Individual Strengths
Topic 9A: Assessment Within the Normal Spectrum
Broad Band Tests of Normal Personality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
Neo Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R)
Stability and Change in Personality
Personality Stability and Change in Middle and Late Life
The Assessment of Moral Judgment
The Moral Judgment Scale
Stages of Moral Development
Critique of the Moral Judgment Scale
The Defining Issues Test
The Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Concepts
Challenges and Purposes of Religious and Spiritual Assessment
Historical Overview on Spiritual and Religious Assessment
Religion as Quest
The Spiritual Well-Being Scale
The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale
The Faith Maturity Scale
Topic 9B: Positive Psychological Assessment
Assessment of Creativity
Creativity as Process
Creativity as Personal Characteristics
Creativity as Product
Comment on Creativity Tests
Measures of Emotional Intelligence
Assessment of Optimism
Assessment of Gratitude
Sense of Humor: Self-Report Measures
Chapter 10: Neuropsychological Testing
Topic 10A: Neurobiological Concepts and Behavioral Assessment
The Human Brain: An Overview
Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System
The Vascular System of the Brain
Structures and Systems of the Brain
Corpus Callosum
Cerebral Cortex
Survival Systems: The Hindbrain and Midbrain
Attentional Systems
Motor/Coordination Systems
Memory Systems
Limbic System
Language Functions and Cerebral Lateralization
Language Functions of the Left Hemisphere
Specialized Functions of the Right Hemisphere
Visual System
Executive Functions
Neuropathology of Adulthood and Aging
Traumatic Brain Injury
Neoplastic Disease (Tumor)
Chronic Alcohol Abuse
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Alzheimer's Disease
Vascular Dementia (Stroke)
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Behavioral Assessment of Neuropathology
Assessment of Mental Status
Behavioral Rating Scales
Topic 10B: Neuropsychological Tests, Batteries, and Screening Tools
A Conceptual Model of Brain-Behavior Relationships
Assessment of Sensory Input
Sensory-Perceptual Exam
Finger Localization Test
Measures of Attention and Concentration
Test of Everyday Attention
Continuous Performance Test
Tests of Learning and Memory
Wechsler Memory Scale-IV
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test
Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2
Additional Tests of Learning and Memory
Assessment of Language Functions
Clinical Examination for Aphasia
Screening and Comprehensive Diagnostic Tests for Aphasia
Tests of Spatial and Manipulatory Ability
Design Copying Tests
Assembly Tests
Assessment of Executive Functions
Assessment of Motor Output
Test Batteries in Neuropsychological Assessment
The Luria-Nebraska
NeuropsychologicalBattery
The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
Baseline Testing With Brief Neuropsychological Test Batteries
Screening for Alcohol use Disorders
Mini-Mental State Exam
Chapter 11: Industrial, Occupational, and Career Assessment
Topic 11A: Industrial and Organizational Assessment
The Role of Testing in Personnel Selection
Complexities of Personnel Selection
Approaches to Personnel Selection
Autobiographical Data
The Nature of Biodata
The Validity of Biodata
The Employment Interview
Cognitive Ability Tests
Wonderlic Personnel Test-Revised
Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test
Minnesota Clerical Test
Personality Tests
Paper-and-Pencil Integrity Tests
Validity of Integrity Tests
Work Sample and Situational Exercises
The In-Basket Test
Assessment Centers
Appraisal of Work Performance
Approaches to Performance Appraisal
Performance Measures
Personnel Data: Absenteeism
Peer Ratings and Self-Assessments
Supervisor Rating Scales
Sources of Error in Performance Appraisal
Halo Effect
Rater Bias
Criterion Contamination
Guidelines for Performance Appraisal
Topic 11B: Assessment for Career Development in a Global Economy
Career Development and the Functions of Work
Origins of Career Development Theories
Theory of Person-Environment Fit
Theory of Person-Environment Correspondence
Stage Theories of Career Development
Social Cognitive Approaches
O*NET in Career Development
Inventories for Career Assessment
Career Beliefs Inventory
Inventories for Interest Assessment
Strong Interest Inventory-Revised (SII-R)
Evaluation of the SII-R
Vocational Preference Inventory
Self-Directed Search
Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
Appendix A: Major Landmarks in the History of Psychological Testing
Appendix B: Standard and Standardized-Score Equivalents of Percentile Ranks in a Normal Distribution
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index