Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Topic 1A: The Nature and Uses of Psychological Testing......Page 22
Case Exhibit 1.1: True-Life Vignettes of Testing......Page 23
Definition of a Test......Page 24
Further Distinctions in Testing......Page 26
Types of Tests......Page 27
Uses of Testing......Page 30
Standardized Procedures in Test Administration......Page 32
Desirable Procedures of Test Administration......Page 33
Sensitivity to Disabilities......Page 34
Desirable Procedures of Group Testing......Page 36
Examiner Sex, Experience, and Race......Page 38
Test Anxiety......Page 39
Motivation to Deceive......Page 40
The Rationale for Professional Testing Standards......Page 41
Case Exhibit 1.2: Ethical and Professional Quandaries in Testing......Page 42
Competence of Test Purchasers......Page 43
Responsibilities of Test Users......Page 44
Expertise of the Test User......Page 45
Informed Consent......Page 46
Obsolete Tests and the Standard of Care......Page 47
Communication of Test Results......Page 48
Consideration of Individual Differences......Page 49
The Impact of Cultural Background on Test Results......Page 50
Unintended Effects of High-Stakes Testing......Page 53
Reprise: Responsible Test Use......Page 55
Topic 2A: The Origins of Psychological Testing......Page 57
Physiognomy, Phrenology, and the Psychograph......Page 58
The Brass Instruments Era of Testing......Page 60
Cattell Imports Brass Instruments to the United States......Page 61
Rating Scales and their Origins......Page 63
Changing Conceptions of Mental Retardation in the 1800s......Page 64
Influence of Binet's Early Research on his Test......Page 65
Binet and Testing for Higher Mental Processes......Page 66
The Revised Scales and the Advent of IQ......Page 67
First Translation of the Binet-Simon Scale......Page 70
The Binet-Simon and Immigration......Page 71
Testing for Giftedness: Leta Stetter Hollingworth......Page 72
Group Tests and the Classification of Wwi Army Recruits......Page 73
Early Educational Testing......Page 74
The Development of Aptitude Tests......Page 77
The Origins of Projective Testing......Page 78
The Emergence of Structured Personality Tests......Page 80
The Expansion and Proliferation of Testing......Page 81
Evidence-Based Practice and Outcomes Assessment......Page 82
Topic 3A: Norms and Test Standardization......Page 83
Essential Statistical Concepts......Page 84
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 85
Measures of Variability......Page 86
The Normal Distribution......Page 87
Raw Score Transformations......Page 88
Standard Scores......Page 89
T Scores and Other Standardized Scores......Page 91
Normalizing Standard Scores......Page 92
Stanines, Stens, and C Scale......Page 93
A Summary of Statistically Based Norms......Page 94
Age and Grade Norms......Page 95
Expectancy Tables......Page 96
Criterion-Referenced Tests......Page 97
Classical Test Theory and the Sources of Measurement Error......Page 100
Item Selection......Page 101
Systematic Measurement Error......Page 102
Measurement Error and Reliability......Page 103
The Correlation Coefficient......Page 104
The Correlation Coefficient as a Reliability Coefficient......Page 105
Alternate-Forms Reliability......Page 106
Split-Half Reliability......Page 107
Coefficient Alpha......Page 108
Interscorer Reliability......Page 109
Which Type of Reliability is Appropriate?......Page 110
Item Response Functions......Page 111
Information Functions......Page 112
Invariance in IRT......Page 113
Speed and Power Tests......Page 114
The Interpretation of Reliability Coefficients......Page 115
Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement......Page 116
The SEM and Differences between Scores......Page 117
Topic 4A: Basic Concepts of Validity......Page 119
Validity: A Definition......Page 120
Content Validity......Page 121
Face Validity......Page 122
Characteristics of a Good Criterion......Page 123
Concurrent Validity......Page 124
Validity Coefficient and the Standard Error of the Estimate......Page 125
Decision Theory Applied to Psychological Tests......Page 126
Construct Validity......Page 128
Test Homogeneity......Page 129
Theory-Consistent Group Differences......Page 130
Convergent and Discriminant Validation......Page 131
Factor Analysis......Page 132
Classification Accuracy......Page 133
Extravalidity Concerns and the Widening Scope of Test Validity......Page 134
Unintended Side Effects of Testing......Page 135
Utility: The Last Horizon of Test Validity......Page 136
Defining the Test......Page 137
Levels of Measurement......Page 138
Expert Rankings......Page 139
Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals......Page 140
Method of Absolute Scaling......Page 141
Method of Empirical Keying......Page 142
Rational Scale Construction (Internal Consistency)......Page 143
Table of Specifications......Page 144
Item Formats......Page 145
Item-Difficulty Index......Page 146
Item-Reliability Index......Page 147
Item-Characteristic Curves......Page 148
Item-Discrimination Index......Page 149
Validity Shrinkage......Page 151
Feedback from Examinees......Page 152
Technical Manual and Userβs Manual......Page 153
Testing Is Big Business......Page 154
Topic 5A: Theories of Intelligence and Factor Analysis......Page 155
Expert Definitions of Intelligence......Page 156
Case Exhibit 5.1: Learning and Adaptation as Core Functions of Intelligence......Page 157
Layperson and Expert Conceptions of Intelligence......Page 158
A primer of Factor Analysis......Page 159
The Factor Matrix and Factor Loadings......Page 160
Geometric Representation of Factor Loadings......Page 162
The Rotated Factor Matrix......Page 163
The Interpretation of Factors......Page 164
Issues in Factor Analysis......Page 166
Spearman and the g Factor......Page 167
Thurstone and the Primary Mental Abilities ......Page 169
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory......Page 170
Definitions of CHC Broad Ability Factors......Page 171
Guilford and The Structure-of-Intellect Model......Page 172
Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (Pass) Theory......Page 173
Gardner and the Theory of Multiple Intelligences......Page 175
Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence......Page 177
Orientation to Individual Intelligence Tests......Page 180
Origins of the Wechsler Tests......Page 181
General Features of the Wechsler Tests......Page 182
Digit Span......Page 184
Comprehension......Page 185
Picture Completion......Page 186
Matrix Reasoning......Page 187
Coding......Page 188
Figure Weights......Page 189
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV......Page 190
Reliability......Page 191
Validity......Page 192
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV......Page 193
The SB5 Model of Intelligence......Page 195
Routing Procedure and Tailored Testing......Page 196
Standardization and Psychometric Properties of the SB5......Page 197
Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4......Page 198
The Cognitive Assessment System-II......Page 199
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2)......Page 202
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II (KTEA-II)......Page 203
Nature and Assessment of Learning Disabilities......Page 205
The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities Definition......Page 206
The New Face of Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention......Page 207
Essential Features of Learning Disabilities......Page 208
Causes and Correlates of Learning Disabilities......Page 209
Achievement Tests in LD Assessment: A Final Word......Page 210
Nature, Promise, and Pitfalls of Group Tests......Page 211
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II (MAB-II)......Page 212
A Multilevel Battery: The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)......Page 215
Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)......Page 218
Perspective on Culture-Fair Tests......Page 220
The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)......Page 221
The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)......Page 224
The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)......Page 226
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)......Page 228
The American College Test (ACT)......Page 230
Postgraduate Selection Tests......Page 231
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)......Page 232
Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)......Page 233
Law School Admission Test (LSAT)......Page 234
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS)......Page 235
Lexile Measures......Page 237
Additional Group Standardized Achievement Tests......Page 238
The Question of Test Bias......Page 239
Criteria of Test Bias and Test Fairness......Page 240
Bias in Content Validity......Page 241
Bias in Predictive or Criterion-Related Validity......Page 242
Bias in Construct Validity......Page 245
Reprise on Test Bias......Page 247
Case Exhibit 6.1: The Impact of Culture on Testing Bias......Page 248
Social Values and Test Fairness......Page 249
Reprise on Test Fairness......Page 250
Genetic Contributions to Intelligence......Page 251
Environmental Effects: Impoverishment and Enrichment......Page 252
Teratogenic Effects on Intelligence and Development......Page 255
Effects of Environmental Toxinson Intelligence......Page 257
The Genetic Hypothesis for Race Differences in IQ......Page 258
Tenability of the Genetic Hypothesis......Page 259
Age Changes in Intelligence......Page 261
Sequential Studies of Intelligence......Page 262
Age and the Fluid/Crystallized Distinction......Page 264
Generational Changes in IQ Scores......Page 265
Topic 7A: Infant and Preschool Assessment......Page 268
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)......Page 269
Bayley-III......Page 271
Devereux Early Childhood Assessment-Clinical Form (DECA-C)......Page 272
Assessment of Preschool Intelligence......Page 273
Differential Ability Scales-II......Page 274
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV)......Page 276
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales for Early Childhood......Page 277
Predictive Validity of Infant and Preschool Tests......Page 278
Practical Utility of Infant Scales......Page 279
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)......Page 280
Screening for School Readiness......Page 281
Qualities of a Good Preschool ScreeningInstrument......Page 282
Instruments for Preschool Screening......Page 283
Dial-4......Page 284
Denver II......Page 286
Background and Description......Page 287
Technical Features......Page 288
Nonlanguage Tests......Page 290
Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised......Page 291
Human Figure Drawing Tests......Page 292
Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude......Page 293
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-4 (TONI-4)......Page 294
Case Exhibit 7.1: The Challenge of Assessment in Cerebral Palsy......Page 295
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV......Page 296
Testing Persons with Visual Impairments......Page 297
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual Disability......Page 299
Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised......Page 301
Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP)......Page 303
Additional Measures of Adaptive Behavior......Page 304
Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders......Page 305
Topic 8A: Theories of Personality and Projective Techniques......Page 307
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality......Page 308
The Structure of the Mind......Page 309
Assessment of Defense Mechanisms and Ego Functions......Page 310
Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern......Page 312
Origins of the Phenomenological Approach......Page 313
Carl Rogers, Self-Theory, and the Q-Technique......Page 314
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories......Page 315
Cattel'βs Factor-Analytic Trait Theory......Page 317
The Five-Factor Model of Personality......Page 318
The Projective Hypothesis......Page 319
The Rorschach......Page 320
Comment on the Rorschach......Page 324
Sentence Completion Tests......Page 325
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank......Page 326
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)......Page 327
Children's Apperception Test......Page 329
Other Variations on the TAT......Page 330
The Draw-A-Person Test......Page 331
The House-Tree-Person Test (H-T-P)......Page 332
Case Exhibit 8.1: Projective Tests as Ancillary to the Interview......Page 333
Topic 8B: Self-Report and Behavioral Assessment of Psychopathology......Page 334
Personality Research Form......Page 335
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire......Page 337
Comrey Personality Scales......Page 339
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)......Page 340
MMPI-2 Interpretation......Page 343
Technical Properties of the MMPI-2......Page 344
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)......Page 345
Personality Inventory for Children-2 (PIC-2)......Page 346
Behavioral Assessment......Page 348
Exposure-Based Methods......Page 349
Cognitive Behavior Therapies......Page 350
Self-Monitoring Procedures......Page 354
Structured Interview Schedules......Page 355
Assessment by Systematic Direct Observation......Page 356
Ecological Momentary Assessment......Page 359
Topic 9A: Assessment Within the Normal Spectrum......Page 361
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)......Page 362
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)......Page 365
Neo Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R)......Page 368
Stability and Change in Personality......Page 370
Personality Stability and Change in Middle and Late Life......Page 372
Stages of Moral Development......Page 374
Critique of the Moral Judgment Scale......Page 375
The Defining Issues Test......Page 376
The Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Concepts......Page 377
Challenges and Purposes of Religious and Spiritual Assessment......Page 378
Historical Overview on Spiritual and Religious Assessment......Page 379
Religion as Quest......Page 380
The Spiritual Well-Being Scale......Page 381
The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale......Page 382
The Faith Maturity Scale......Page 383
Topic 9B: Positive Psychological Assessment......Page 385
Assessment of Creativity......Page 386
Creativity as Process......Page 388
Creativity as Personal Characteristics......Page 389
Creativity as Product......Page 390
Measures of Emotional Intelligence......Page 393
Assessment of Optimism......Page 397
Assessment of Gratitude......Page 398
Sense of Humor: Self-Report Measures......Page 400
Topic 10A: Neurobiological Concepts and Behavioral Assessment......Page 402
Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System......Page 403
Structures and Systems of the Brain......Page 404
Cerebral Cortex......Page 405
Survival Systems: The Hindbrain and Midbrain......Page 407
Attentional Systems......Page 408
Motor/Coordination Systems......Page 409
Memory Systems......Page 410
Limbic System......Page 411
Language Functions of the Left Hemisphere......Page 412
Specialized Functions of the Right Hemisphere......Page 413
Visual System......Page 414
Executive Functions......Page 415
Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 417
Neoplastic Disease (Tumor)......Page 418
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus......Page 419
Alzheimer's Disease......Page 420
Assessment of Mental Status......Page 421
Behavioral Rating Scales......Page 422
Topic 10B: Neuropsychological Tests, Batteries, and Screening Tools......Page 425
Assessment of Sensory Input......Page 426
Sensory-Perceptual Exam......Page 427
Continuous Performance Test......Page 428
Tests of Learning and Memory......Page 429
Wechsler Memory Scale-IV......Page 430
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test......Page 431
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test......Page 432
Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2......Page 433
Clinical Examination for Aphasia......Page 435
Tests of Spatial and Manipulatory Ability......Page 436
Design Copying Tests......Page 437
Assessment of Executive Functions......Page 438
Assessment of Motor Output......Page 441
The Luria-Nebraska NeuropsychologicalBattery......Page 442
The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)......Page 444
Baseline Testing With Brief Neuropsychological Test Batteries......Page 446
Screening for Alcohol use Disorders......Page 449
Mini-Mental State Exam......Page 451
Topic 11A: Industrial and Organizational Assessment......Page 453
Approaches to Personnel Selection......Page 454
The Nature of Biodata......Page 455
The Validity of Biodata......Page 456
The Employment Interview......Page 457
Cognitive Ability Tests......Page 460
Wonderlic Personnel Test-Revised......Page 461
Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test......Page 462
Personality Tests......Page 463
Paper-and-Pencil Integrity Tests......Page 465
Validity of Integrity Tests......Page 466
Work Sample and Situational Exercises......Page 467
The In-Basket Test......Page 468
Assessment Centers......Page 469
Appraisal of Work Performance......Page 470
Personnel Data: Absenteeism......Page 471
Supervisor Rating Scales......Page 472
Rater Bias......Page 475
Guidelines for Performance Appraisal......Page 476
Topic 11B: Assessment for Career Development in a Global Economy......Page 478
Career Development and the Functions of Work......Page 479
Origins of Career Development Theories......Page 480
Theory of Person-Environment Fit......Page 481
Theory of Person-Environment Correspondence......Page 483
Stage Theories of Career Development......Page 484
Social Cognitive Approaches......Page 485
O*NET in Career Development......Page 486
Career Beliefs Inventory......Page 487
Inventories for Interest Assessment......Page 488
Strong Interest Inventory-Revised (SII-R)......Page 489
Evaluation of the SII-R......Page 490
Vocational Preference Inventory......Page 491
Self-Directed Search......Page 492
Campbell Interest and Skill Survey......Page 494
Appendix A: Major Landmarks in the History of Psychological Testing......Page 498
Appendix B: Standard and Standardized-Score Equivalents of Percentile Ranks in a Normal Distribution......Page 501
Glossary......Page 503
References......Page 515
Name Index......Page 571
Subject Index......Page 587